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Abstract

The DOLCE and DnS ontologies. OWL engineering by Aldo Gangemi.

Table of Content

  1. Classes
  2. Object Properties
  3. Namespace Declarations

Classes

abstractc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #abstract

The main characteristic of abstract entities is that they do not have spatial nor temporal qualities, and they are not qualities themselves. The only class of abstract entities we consider in the present version of the upper ontology is that of quality regions (or simply regions). Quality spaces are special kinds of quality regions, being mereological sums of all the regions related to a certain quality type. The other examples of abstract entities (sets and facts) are only indicative.
has super-classes
has qualityop only not ()
has qualityop only not ()

abstractc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #abstract

abstractc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #abstract

abstractc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #abstract

abstract qualityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #abstract-quality

A quality inherent in a non-physical endurant.
has super-classes
has qualityop only abstract qualityc
q locationop only abstract regionc
inherent inop some non physical endurantc

abstract qualityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #abstract-quality

abstract qualityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #abstract-quality

abstract regionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #abstract-region

A region at which only abstract qualities can be directly located. It assumes some metrics for abstract (neither physical nor temporal) properties.
has super-classes
q location ofop only abstract qualityc
partop only abstract regionc

abstract regionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #abstract-region

abstract regionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #abstract-region

accomplishmentc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #accomplishment

Eventive occurrences (events) are called achievements if they are atomic, otherwise they are accomplishments.Further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be seen as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (collapsing the time interval of the erosion into a time point), as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another).In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation focus, b) effectual focus, c) condensation d) transition (causality).
has super-classes

achievementc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #achievement

Eventive occurrences (events) are called achievements if they are atomic, otherwise they are accomplishments.Further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be seen as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (collapsing the time interval of the erosion into a time point), as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another).In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation focus, b) effectual focus, c) condensation d) transition (causality).
has super-classes

amount of matterc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #amount-of-matter

The common trait of amounts of matter is that they are endurants with no unity (according to Gangemi et a. 2001 none of them is an essential whole). Amounts of matter - 'stuffs' referred to by mass nouns like 'gold', 'iron', 'wood', 'sand', 'meat', etc. - are mereologically invariant, in the sense that they change their identity when they change some parts.
has super-classes

amount of matterc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #amount-of-matter

amount of matterc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #amount-of-matter

arbitrary sumc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #arbitrary-sum

AKA arbitrary-collection.The mereological sum of any two or more endurants (physical or not). Arbitrary sums have no unity criterion (they are 'extensional').
has super-classes
partop some endurantc

arbitrary sumc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #arbitrary-sum

arbitrary sumc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #arbitrary-sum

dependent placec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #dependent-place

A feature that is not part of its host, like a hole in a piece of cheese, the underneath of a table, the front of a house, or the shadow of a tree.
has super-classes

endurantc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #endurant

The main characteristic of endurants is that all of them are independent essential wholes. This does not mean that the corresponding property (being an endurant) carries proper unity, since there is no common unity criterion for endurants. Endurants can 'genuinely' change in time, in the sense that the very same endurant as a whole can have incompatible properties at different times. To see this, suppose that an endurant - say 'this paper' - has a property at a time t 'it's white', and a different, incompatible property at time t' 'it's yellow': in both cases we refer to the whole object, without picking up any particular part of it. Within endurants, we distinguish between physical and non-physical endurants, according to whether they have direct spatial qualities. Within physical endurants, we distinguish between amounts of matter, objects, and features.
has super-classes
partop only endurantc
specific constant constituentop only endurantc
participant inop some perdurantc

endurantc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #endurant

endurantc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #endurant

endurantc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #endurant

eventc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #event

An occurrence-type is stative or eventive according to whether it holds of the mereological sum of two of its instances, i.e. if it is cumulative or not. A sitting occurrence is stative since the sum of two sittings is still a sitting occurrence.In general, events differ from situations because they are not assumed to have a description from which they depend. They can be sequenced by some course, but they do not require a description as a unifying criterion.On the other hand, at any time, one can conceive a description that asserts the constraints by which an event of a certian type is such, and in this case, it becomes a situation.Since the decision of designing an explicit description that unifies a perdurant depends on context, task, interest, application, etc., when aligning an ontology do DLP, there can be indecision on where to align an event-oriented class. For example, in the WordNet alignment, we have decided to put only some physical events under 'event', e.g. 'discharge', in order to stress the social orientedness of DLP. But whereas we need to talk explicitly of the criteria by which we conceive discharge events, these will be put under 'situation'.Similar considerations are made for the other types of perdurants in DOLCE.A different notion of event (dealing with change) is currently investigated for further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be conceptualized as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (if we collapse the time interval of the erosion into a time point), or as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another).In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation focus, b) effectual focus, c) condensation d) transition (causality).If we want to consider all the aspects of a process together, we need to postulate a unifying descriptive set of criteria (i.e. a 'description'), according to which that process is circumstantiated in a 'situation'. The different aspects will arise as a parts of a same situation.
has super-classes

featurec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #feature

Features are 'parasitic entities', that exist insofar their host exists. Typical examples of features are holes, bumps, boundaries, or spots of color. Features may be relevant parts of their host, like a bump or an edge, or dependent regions like a hole in a piece of cheese, the underneath of a table, the front of a house, or the shadow of a tree, which are not parts of their host. All features are essential wholes, but no common unity criterion may exist for all of them. However, typical features have a topological unity, as they are singular entities.Here only features of physical endurants are considered.
has super-classes
hostop some physical endurantc

featurec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #feature

featurec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #feature

non physical endurantc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #non-physical-endurant

An endurant with no mass, generically constantly depending on some agent. Non-physical endurants can have physical constituents (e.g. in the case of members of a collection).
has super-classes
has qualityop only abstract qualityc
partop only non physical endurantc

non physical endurantc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #non-physical-endurant

non physical endurantc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #non-physical-endurant

non physical objectc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #non-physical-object

Formerly known as description. A unitary endurant with no mass (non-physical), generically constantly depending on some agent, on some communication act, and indirectly on some agent participating in that act. Both descriptions (in the now current sense) and concepts are non-physical objects.
has super-classes
generically dependent onop some physical endurantc
partop only non physical objectc

particularc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #particular

AKA 'entity'.Any individual in the DOLCE domain of discourse. The extensional coverage of DOLCE is as large as possible, since it ranges on 'possibilia', i.e all possible individuals that can be postulated by means of DOLCE axioms. Possibilia include physical objects, substances, processes, qualities, conceptual regions, non-physical objects, collections and even arbitrary sums of objects.The class 'particular' features a covering partition that includes: endurant, perdurant, quality, and abstract. There are also some subclasses defined as unions of subclasses of 'particular' for special purposes: spatio-temporal-particular (any particular except abstracts)- physical-realization (any realization of an information object, defined in the ExtendedDnS ontology).

perdurantc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #perdurant

Perdurants (AKA occurrences) comprise what are variously called events, processes, phenomena, activities and states. They can have temporal parts or spatial parts. For instance, the first movement of (an execution of) a symphony is a temporal part of the symphony. On the other hand, the play performed by the left side of the orchestra is a spatial part. In both cases, these parts are occurrences themselves. We assume that objects cannot be parts of occurrences, but rather they participate in them. Perdurants extend in time by accumulating different temporal parts, so that, at any time they are present, they are only partially present, in the sense that some of their proper temporal parts (e.g., their previous or future phases) may be not present. E.g., the piece of paper you are reading now is wholly present, while some temporal parts of your reading are not present yet, or any more. Philosophers say that endurants are entities that are in time, while lacking temporal parts (so to speak, all their parts flow with them in time). Perdurants, on the contrary, are entities that happen in time, and can have temporal parts (all their parts are fixed in time).
has super-classes
participantop some endurantc
has qualityop some temporal location qc
specific constant constituentop only perdurantc
partop only perdurantc
has qualityop only temporal qualityc

perdurantc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #perdurant

perdurantc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #perdurant

perdurantc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #perdurant

physical endurantc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #physical-endurant

An endurant having a direct physical (at least spatial) quality.
has super-classes
has qualityop some physical qualityc
has qualityop only physical qualityc
partop only physical endurantc
has qualityop some spatial location qc
specific constant constituentop only physical endurantc

physical endurantc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #physical-endurant

physical endurantc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #physical-endurant

physical objectc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #physical-object

The main characteristic of physical objects is that they are endurants with unity. However, they have no common unity criterion, since different subtypes of objects may have different unity criteria. Differently from aggregates, (most) physical objects change some of their parts while keeping their identity, they can have therefore temporary parts. Often physical objects (indeed, all endurants) are ontologically independent from occurrences (discussed below). However, if we admit that every object has a life, it is hard to exclude a mutual specific constant dependence between the two. Nevertheless, we may still use the notion of dependence to (weakly) characterize objects as being not specifically constantly dependent on other objects.
has super-classes

physical objectc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #physical-object

physical objectc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #physical-object

physical qualityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #physical-quality

A quality inherent in a physical endurant.
has super-classes
q locationop only physical regionc
has qualityop only physical qualityc
inherent inop some physical endurantc

physical qualityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #physical-quality

physical qualityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #physical-quality

physical regionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #physical-region

A region at which only physical qualities can be directly located. It assumes some metrics for physical properties.
has super-classes
q location ofop only physical qualityc
partop only physical regionc

physical regionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #physical-region

physical regionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #physical-region

processc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #process

Within stative occurrences, we distinguish between states and processes according to homeomericity: sitting is classified as a state but running is classified as a process, since there are (very short) temporal parts of a running that are not themselves runnings. In general, processes differ from situations because they are not assumed to have a description from which they depend. They can be sequenced by some course, but they do not require a description as a unifying criterion. On the other hand, at any time, one can conceive a description that asserts the constraints by which a process of a certian type is such, and in this case, it becomes a situation. Since the decision of designing an explicit description that unifies a perdurant depends on context, task, interest, application, etc., when aligning an ontology do DLP, there can be indecision on where to align a process-oriented class. For example, in the WordNet alignment, we have decided to put only some physical processes under 'process', e.g. 'organic process', in order to stress the social orientedness of DLP. But whereas we need to talk explicitly of the criteria by which we conceive organic processes, these will be put under 'situation'. Similar considerations are made for the other types of perdurants in DOLCE. A different notion of event (dealing with change) is currently investigated for further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be conceptualized as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (if we collapse the time interval of the erosion into a time point), or as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another). In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation focus, b) effectual focus, c) condensation d) transition (causality). If we want to consider all the aspects of a process together, we need to postulate a unifying descriptive set of criteria (i.e. a 'description'), according to which that process is circumstantiated in a 'situation'. The different aspects will arise as a parts of a same situation.
has super-classes

propositionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #proposition

The abstract content of a proposition. Abstract content is purely combinatorial: from this viewpoint, any content that can be generated by means of combinatorial rules is assumed to exist in the domain of quantification (reified abstracts).
has super-classes

qualec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #quale

An atomic region.
is equivalent to
(atomic part ofop some regionc) and ()

qualityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #quality

Qualities can be seen as the basic entities we can perceive or measure: shapes, colors, sizes, sounds, smells, as well as weights, lengths, electrical charges... 'Quality' is often used as a synonymous of 'property', but this is not the case in this upper ontology: qualities are particulars, properties are universals. Qualities inhere to entities: every entity (including qualities themselves) comes with certain qualities, which exist as long as the entity exists.
has super-classes
inherent inop some particularc

qualityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #quality

qualityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #quality

qualityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #quality

quality spacec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #quality-space

A quality space is a topologically maximal region. The constraint of maximality cannot be given completely in OWL, but a constraint is given that creates a partition out of all quality spaces (e.g. no two quality spaces can overlap mereologically).
is equivalent to
(overlapsop only not ()) and ()

regionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #region

We distinguish between a quality (e.g., the color of a specific rose), and its value (e.g., a particular shade of red). The latter is called quale, and describes the position of an individual quality within a certain conceptual space (called here quality space) Gardenfors (2000). So when we say that two roses have (exactly) the same color, we mean that their color qualities, which are distinct, have the same position in the color space, that is they have the same color quale.
has super-classes
partop only regionc

relevant partc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #relevant-part

Features that are relevant parts of their host, like a bump or an edge.
has super-classes

setc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #set

A mathematical set.
has super-classes

space regionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #space-region

An ordinary space: geographical, cosmological, anatomical, topographic, etc.
has super-classes
partop only space regionc
q location ofop only spatial location qc

spatial location qc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #spatial-location_q

A physical quality, q-located in (whose value is given within) ordinary spaces (geographical coordinates, cosmological positions, anatomical axes, etc.).
has super-classes

spatio temporal particularc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #spatio-temporal-particular

Dummy class for optimizing some property universes. It includes all entities that are not reifications of universals ('abstracts'), i.e. those entities that are in space-time.
is equivalent to
(() or () or ()) and ()

spatio temporal regionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #spatio-temporal-region

Any region resulting from the composition of a space region with a temporal region, i.e. being present in region r at time t.
has super-classes

statec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #state

Within stative occurrences, we distinguish between states and processes according to homeomericity: sitting is classified as a state but running is classified as a process, since there are (very short) temporal parts of a running that are not themselves runnings.In general, states differ from situations because they are not assumed to have a description from which they depend. They can be sequenced by some course, but they do not require a description as a unifying criterion.On the other hand, at any time, one can conceive a description that asserts the constraints by which a state of a certian type is such, and in this case, it becomes a situation.Since the decision of designing an explicit description that unifies a perdurant depends on context, task, interest, application, etc., when aligning an ontology do DLP, there can be indecision on where to align a state-oriented class. For example, in the WordNet alignment, we have decided to put only some physical states under 'state', e.g. 'turgor', in order to stress the social orientedness of DLP. But whereas we need to talk explicitly of the criteria by which we conceive turgor states, these will be put under 'situation'.Similar considerations are made for the other types of perdurants in DOLCE.A different notion of event (dealing with change) is currently investigated for further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be conceptualized as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (if we collapse the time interval of the erosion into a time point), or as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another).In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation focus, b) effectual focus, c) condensation d) transition (causality).If we want to consider all the aspects of a process together, we need to postulate a unifying descriptive set of criteria (i.e. a 'description'), according to which that process is circumstantiated in a 'situation'. The different aspects will arise as a parts of a same situation.
has super-classes

stativec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #stative

An occurrence-type is stative or eventive according to whether it holds of the mereological sum of two of its instances, i.e. if it is cumulative or not. A sitting occurrence is stative since the sum of two sittings is still a sitting occurrence.
has super-classes

temporal location qc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #temporal-location_q

A temporal location quality.
has super-classes

temporal qualityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #temporal-quality

A quality inherent in a perdurant.
has super-classes
q locationop only temporal regionc
inherent inop some perdurantc
has qualityop only temporal qualityc

temporal qualityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #temporal-quality

temporal qualityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #temporal-quality

temporal regionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #temporal-region

A region at which only temporal qualities can be directly located. It assumes a metrics for time.
has super-classes
q location ofop only temporal qualityc
partop only temporal regionc

temporal regionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #temporal-region

temporal regionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #temporal-region

time intervalc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: #time-interval

A temporal region, measured according to a calendar.
has super-classes

Object Properties

abstract locationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #abstract-location

Analytical location holding between non-physical endurants and abstract regions.
has domain
has range

abstract location ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #abstract-location-of

has domain
has range

atomic partop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #atomic-part

The part relation between a particular and an atom.
has domain
has range

atomic part ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #atomic-part-of

has domain
has range

boundaryop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #boundary

has domain
has range

boundary ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #boundary-of

A boundary here is taken to be a part (mereological treatment). Consequently, in the case of endurants, (reified) boundaries are features.
has domain
has range

constant participantop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #constant-participant

Anytime x is present, x has participant y. In other words, all parts of x have a same participant.Participation can be constant (in all parts of the perdurant, e.g. in 'the car is running'), or temporary (in only some parts, e.g. in 'I'm electing the president').
has domain
has range

constant participant inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #constant-participant-in

has super-properties

participant inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #participant-in

has domain
has range

exact locationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #exact-location

A location relation bounded to regions and defined analytically through the composition of inherence and q-location. This is the analytical version of 'generic location'.
has domain
has range

exact location ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #exact-location-of

has domain
has range

generic constituentop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #generic-constituent

'Constituent' should depend on some layering of the ontology. For example, scientific granularities or ontological 'strata' are typical layerings. A constituent is a part belonging to a lower layer. Since layering is actually a partition of the ontology, constituents are not properly classified as parts, although this kinship can be intuitive for common sense. Example of specific constant constituents are the entities constituting a setting (a situation), whilethe entities constituting a collection are examples of generic constant constituents.
has domain
has range

generic constituent ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #generic-constituent-of

has domain
has range

generic dependentop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #generic-dependent

The dependence on an individual of a given type at some time. This is traditionally a relation between particulars and universals, but this one states that x generically depends on y if a z different from y, but with the same properties, can be equivalently its depend-on.This is a temporally-indexed relation (embedded in this syntax).
has domain
has range

generic locationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #generic-location

The most generic location relation, probably equivalent to more than one image schema in a cognitive system (e.g. containment for exact location, proximity for approximate location).This is meant to reason on generalized, common sense as well as formal locations, including naive localization, between any kinds of entities. Generic location is branched into 'exact' location, ranging on regions, and 'approximate' (naive) location, ranging on non-regions.
has domain
has range

generic location ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #generic-location-of

has domain
has range

generically dependent onop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #generically-dependent-on

has domain
has range

has qualeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #has-quale

A quality having a q-location at an atomic region.
has domain
has range

has qualityop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #has-quality

has domain
has range

has t qualityop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #has-t-quality

has domain
has range

hostop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #host

The immediate relation holding for features and entities.
has domain
has range

host ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #host-of

has domain
has range

identity cop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #identity-c

Any pair of individuals are ontologically identical if they are identical to themselves. Reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.

has characteristics : symmetric, transitive

has domain
has range

identity nop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #identity-n

Any pair of individuals are notionally identical iff they instantiate all and only the same concepts.

has characteristics : symmetric, transitive

has domain
has range

immediate relationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #immediate-relation

A relation that holds without additional mediating individuals. In logical terms, a non-composed relation.
has domain
has range

immediate relation iop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #immediate-relation-i

A relation that holds without additional mediating individuals. In logical terms, a non-composed relation.
has domain
has range

inherent inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #inherent-in

The immediate relation holding for qualities and entities.
has domain
has range

lifeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #life

Total constant participation applied to the mereological sum of the perdurants in which an endurant participates.
has domain
has range

life ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #life-of

has domain
has range

mediated relationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #mediated-relation

A relation that composes other relations. For example, a participation relation composed with a representation relation.Composed relation cannot be directly expressed in OWL-DL, then (at least some) compositions are expressed as class or restriction axioms.
has domain
has range

mediated relation iop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #mediated-relation-i

A relation that composes other relations. For example, a participation relation composed with a representation relation. Composed relation cannot be directly expressed in OWL-DL, then (at least some) compositions are expressed as class or restriction axioms.
has domain
has range

mereologically coincidesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #mereologically-coincides

Having the same parts at time t.

has characteristics : symmetric

has domain
has range

overlapsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #overlaps

Mereological overlap: having a common part.

has characteristics : symmetric

has domain
has range

partop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #part

The most generic part relation, reflexive, asymmetric, and transitive.

has characteristics : transitive

has domain
has range

part ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #part-of

has characteristics : transitive

has domain
has range

participantop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #participant

The immediate relation holding between endurants and perdurants (e.g. in 'the car is running').Participation can be constant (in all parts of the perdurant, e.g. in 'the car is running'), or temporary (in only some parts, e.g. in 'I'm electing the president').A 'functional' participant is specialized for those forms of participation that depend on the nature of participants, processes, or on the intentionality of agentive participants. Traditional 'thematic role' should be mapped to functional participation.For relations holding between participants in a same perdurant, see the co-participates relation.
has domain
has range

participant inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #participant-in

has super-properties

immediate relation iop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #immediate-relation-i

has domain
has range

partly compresentop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #partly-compresent

A composed (mediated) relation used here to make relations 'temporary': by adding it as a superrelation, the effect is that the two related endurants cannot be present at all the same time intervals, but are compresent at least at some time interval (see related axiom).In FOL, the same constraint can be stated directly by coreference.This workaround can be used to index time of relations that involve reciprocal dependency, but it cannot be used in general with relations involving multiple strata of reality. For example, _about_ relation can be temporally indexed, without involving that the time of the information object overlaps with the time of the entity the information is about (but this works for e.g. the _realizes_ relation between information objects and entities whatsoever). The different temporal constraints of about vs. expresses probably derive from the dependency of aboutness from conception (to be about x, an information object should also express a description d that is satisfied by a situation including x, then temporal overlapping of _about_ is true in virtue of d). On the other hand, even conceives cannot be indexed in this way, because overlapping does not hold between the time og the conceiving agent, and the conceived description (or situation).

has characteristics : symmetric

has domain
has range

physical locationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #physical-location

Analytical location holding between physical endurants and physical regions.
has domain
has range

physical location ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #physical-location-of

has domain
has range

proper partop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #proper-part

The proper part relation: irreflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive.

has characteristics : transitive

has domain
has range

proper part ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #proper-part-of

has characteristics : transitive

has domain
has range

q locationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #q-location

The immediate relation holding for qualities and regions. See 'generic location' branching for the various mediated relations that embed q-location.
has domain
has range

q location ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #q-location-of

has domain
has range

q present atop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #q-present-at

Presence of a physical quality when inheres in an endurant.
has domain
has range

quale ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #quale-of

has domain
has range

r locationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #r-location

A relation for representing regions within other regions, e.g. in measurement spaces (space composition).The result of r-location composition is a new 'composed region', which can either preserve the same region type (e.g. physical+physical->physical, or physical+abstract->physical), or not (e.g. physical+abstract->abstract). See 'composition description' for more details.In some cases, space composition is conventional, i.e. a space is just 'located' at another space, as in the case of measurement spaces:(direct composition): r r-location r1In other cases, r-location implies a complex path, e.g. :(homogeneous composition): r q-location-of q inherent-in x has-quality q1 q-location r1(heterogeneous composition across endurants and perdurants): r q-location-of q inherent-in e participant-in p has-quality q1 q-location r1(heterogeneous composition across physical and non-physical endurants): r q-location-of q inherent-in pe specific-constant-dependent npe has-quality q1 q-location r1
has domain
has range

r location ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #r-location-of

has domain
has range

sibling partop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #sibling-part

Mereological sibling: having a common whole

has characteristics : symmetric

has domain
has range

spatio temporal presence ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #spatio-temporal-presence-of

has domain
has range

spatio temporally present atop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #spatio-temporally-present-at

has domain
has range

specific constant constituentop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #specific-constant-constituent

'Constituent' should depend on some layering of the ontology. For example, scientific granularities or ontological 'strata' are typical layerings. A constituent is a part belonging to a lower layer. Since layering is actually a partition of the ontology, constituents are not properly classified as parts, although this kinship can be intuitive for common sense. Example of specific constant constituents are the entities constituting a setting (a situation), whilethe entities constituting a collection are examples of generic constant constituents.
has domain
has range

specific constant constituent ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #specific-constant-constituent-of

has domain
has range

specific constant dependentop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #specific-constant-dependent

The constant dependence between two individuals. Taken here as primitive.
has domain
has range

specifically constantly dependent onop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #specifically-constantly-dependent-on

has domain
has range

strong connectionop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #strong-connection

By strong connection here we mean a connection between two entities that share a boundary.

has characteristics : symmetric

has domain
has range

t inherent inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #t-inherent-in

The immediate relation holding for qualities and entities at time t.
has domain
has range

temporary atomic partop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #temporary-atomic-part

Having an atom as part at a time t.
has domain
has range

temporary atomic part ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #temporary-atomic-part-of

has domain
has range

temporary partop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #temporary-part

Being part at time t. It holds for endurants only. This is important to model parts that can change or be lost over time without affecting the identity of the whole. In FOL, this is expressed as a ternary relation, but in DLs we only can reason with binary relations, then only the necessary axiom of compresence is represented here.
has domain
has range

temporary part ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #temporary-part-of

has domain
has range

temporary participantop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #temporary-participant

Only some parts of the perdurant p have a participant e.In fact, participation can be constant (in all parts of the perdurant, e.g. in 'the car is running'), or temporary (in only some parts, e.g. in 'I'm electing the president').Implicitly, this relation has a temporal indexing.If needed, in OWL one can derive such indexing by expliciting what parts of p have e as _constant_ participant.An appropriate OWL axiom is created to bind this relation to a proper part of it, which has the temporary-participant as a constant one.
has domain
has range

temporary participant inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #temporary-participant-in

x participates in some of y's parts.
has super-properties

participant inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #participant-in

has domain
has range

temporary proper partop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #temporary-proper-part

Being proper part at time t. It holds for endurants only. This is important to model proper parts that can change or be lost over time without affecting the identity of the whole.
has domain
has range

temporary proper part ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #temporary-proper-part-of

has domain
has range

time of q presence ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #time-of-q-presence-of

has domain
has range

total constant participantop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #total-constant-participant

The perdurant p has a participant e that constantly participates in p with all its parts, e.g. in 'I played the concert' (where the concert is a solo concert).
has domain
has range

total constant participant inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #total-constant-participant-in

has domain
has range

total temporary participantop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #total-temporary-participant

The perdurant p has a participant e that temporarily participates in p with all its parts, e.g. in 'I played the concert' (where I actually played just an ouverture).See also 'temporary-participant'.
has domain
has range

total temporary participant inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #total-temporary-participant-in

has domain
has range

weak connectionop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: #weak-connection

The basic connection, not requiring a common boundary.
has domain
has range

Namespace Declarations back to ToC

default namespace
http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/DOLCE-Lite.owl#
owl
http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
rdf
http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs
http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
xsd
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

This HTML document was obtained by processing the OWL ontology source code through LODE, Live OWL Documentation Environment, developed by Silvio Peroni .