The LiPD Ontology aims to provide a common vocabulary for annotating paleoclimatology data http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ The Linked Earth Core Ontology le http://linked.earth/ontology# 2.1.1 calibrated via This property connects a dataset or variable to its archive type. This enables users to search for data from specific archive types (e.g., corals, ice cores). Answers the question: What type of natural archive contains this data? has archive type Authors are a critical element in the scientific workflow as they are the foundation of scientific credit. The LinkedEarth Ontology seeks to appropriately credit authors and their scientific contributions. Links a publication to one of its authors. This property is used to connect all authors to a publication related to the dataset. has author has change log has changes Subproperty of hasData. The subdivision between chronological and paleoenvironmental information reflects the fact that Datasets are fundamentally characterized by two distinct components Links a dataset to its chronology data. This property connects the dataset to its age model and age-depth measurements. has chron data has code Links a dataset to a person who contributed to its creation, curation, or publication. Contributors include anyone who helped with the dataset beyond the principal investigators. has contributor has creator has curator has distribution table has ensemble table has first author has funding has funding agency has IGSN has instrument This property connects variables to their interpretation. Variables may have multiple interpretations, especially when different researchers propose different interpretations of the same data. Answers the question: What is the climatic or environmental interpretation of this variable? has interpretation Links a dataset to a principal investigator responsible for the research project that generated the dataset. has investigator Paleoclimate archives are tied to particular locations. The spatial aspects of paleoclimate data are critical for regional to global studies. Links a dataset to its geographic location. This property connects the dataset to information about where the samples were collected. has location has measurement table Subproperty of hasData. The subdivision between chronological and paleoenvironmental information reflects the fact that Datasets are fundamentally characterized by two distinct components Links a dataset to its paleoclimate data. This property connects the dataset to its measurements and derived variables related to past climate. has paleo data has physical sample This property connects a variable to its proxy type. This enables users to search for all data associated with a specific proxy type (e.g., all δ18O measurements). Answers the question: What is the proxy type of this variable? has proxy has proxy general A publication is a critical element in the scientific workflow as it documents the scientific information in the context of the literature. The LinkedEarth Ontology connects Datasets to Publications and Authors. Links a dataset to a scientific publication that documents it. This can include original publications, review papers, or other works that cite or analyze the dataset. has publication has resolution has seasonality has seasonality general has seasonality original has standard variable has summary table has units has variable modeled by part of compilation http://www.w3.org/ns/prov# The abstract of a publication. This property contains the summary text that describes the content and findings of a scientific publication. has abstract The basis for the interpretation. This property describes the evidence, assumption, or methodology used to derive the climate interpretation from the proxy measurements. has basis has citation has cite key has collection name has collection year has column number has compilation nest has continent has country has country ocean 10.1126/science.1228026 DOIs provide persistent identifiers for publications and other research outputs, enabling reliable citation and linking. The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for a publication or calibration. This property provides a persistent identifier that resolves to the online location of the resource. has DOI The source of the dataset. This property indicates where the data was originally obtained or published. has data source has data URL A unique identifier for the dataset. This property provides a persistent identifier that can be used to reference the dataset across systems. has dataset id has dataset range A textual description of a variable or location. This property provides additional details about the meaning, collection, or relevance of a variable or the characteristics of a location. has description has direction has elevation has equation has equation intercept has equation R2 has equation slope has equation slope uncertainty has file name has funding country has geometry type has grant has institution has issue has journal has last version 6.3N Latitude is essential for spatial referencing of paleoclimate data. It enables mapping and spatial analysis. The latitude coordinate of a location. This property specifies the north-south position of a sampling site in decimal degrees. has latitude has location name 125.83E Longitude is essential for spatial referencing of paleoclimate data. It enables mapping and spatial analysis. The longitude coordinate of a location. This property specifies the east-west position of a sampling site in decimal degrees. has longitude has mathematical relation The maximum value of a variable or resolution. This property specifies the upper bound of the measured or derived values in the dataset. has max value has mean value has median value has method has method detail The minimum value of a variable or resolution. This property specifies the lower bound of the measured or derived values in the dataset. has min value has missing value MD98-2181 This property provides a human-readable identifier for entities in the ontology. Names are essential for discovery and identification. The name or title of an entity. This property is used to provide a human-readable label for datasets, variables, and people. has name has notes has ocean has original data URL has pages has proxy dataset has publisher has rank has report has scope has site name has spreadsheet link has target dataset has timestamp Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years The title is a key metadata element for publications, enabling discovery and citation. The title of a publication. This property provides the complete title of a scientific publication related to the dataset. has title has type The uncertainty associated with a variable or calibration. This property specifies the quantitative measure of the precision or confidence in the measured or derived values. has uncertainty has uncertainty analytical has uncertainty reproducibility has URL Detailed specification of the interpreted variable. This property provides more specific information about the climate parameter being reconstructed. has variable detail Temperature This property identifies the general climate or environmental variable being interpreted. It uses standardized terms to enable consistent searching. The general climate or environmental variable being interpreted. This property identifies the broad category of the climate parameter being reconstructed from proxy measurements. has variable general has variable general direction has variable id has version has volume has year is composite is local is primary Calibration information for measured data Calibration A specific change recorded in a changelog Change A record of changes made to a dataset ChangeLog Chronology data contained within a dataset. This includes all measurements and models related to establishing the age-depth relationship of the archive. ChronData A compilation of paleoclimate datasets. Compilations aggregate multiple datasets to enable regional or global analyses of paleoclimate patterns. Compilation A table of data measurements DataTable Datasets are the core units of the LinkedEarth Ontology. Each Dataset corresponds to a paleoclimate archive (e.g., core, speleothem) and has descriptors (metadata) and data (measurements). A paleoclimate dataset containing measurements, interpretations, and metadata. Datasets form the core unit in the LinkedEarth ontology and include paleoclimate data (measurements), chronology data, physical sample information, and related publications. Dataset Information about funding sources for research Funding An Interpretation connects proxies (e.g., Mg/Ca) to environmental/climate variables (e.g., temperature) and provides qualitative or quantitative information about this link. An interpretation of measured variables. This represents the climate or environmental interpretation derived from proxy measurements, including the relationship between the measured variable and the interpreted parameter. Interpretation The geographic location where data was collected. This includes coordinates, site name, and other geographic information related to where the physical samples were obtained. Location A model derived from or applied to dataset measurements Model Paleoclimate data contained within a dataset. This includes all measured and derived variables related to past climate conditions, distinct from chronology data. PaleoData A person involved with the dataset Person A physical sample used for measurements. This represents the actual physical specimen from which measurements were taken, such as a core section, fossil, or sediment sample. PhysicalSample A scientific publication related to the dataset. This includes journal articles, books, reports and other publication types that document the dataset's collection, processing, interpretation, or use in a scientific study. Publication The temporal or spatial resolution of measurements Resolution Variables are the basic units for analysis, including raw measurements (MeasuredVariable), modeled/interpolated values (ModeledVariable), and inferences of past climate (InferredVariable). A variable measured or derived in a dataset. Variables represent the actual measurements or values derived from the paleoclimate archive, and can include measured proxies, chronological controls, or interpreted climate parameters. Variable http://schema.org/ http://schema.org/