either built-in function description string_output built-in function description sprintf_inverseX built-in function description string_output_string built-in function description split_and_decode built-in function description abs built-in function description ascii built-in function description atof built-in function description atoi built-in function description bit_and built-in function description bit_or built-in function description bit_not built-in function description bit_shift built-in function description bit_xor built-in function description blob_to_string built-in function description blob_to_string_output built-in function description ceiling built-in function description chr built-in function description concat built-in function description concatenate built-in function description contains built-in function description curdate built-in function description dateadd built-in function description datediff built-in function description datestring built-in function description datestring_gmt built-in function description dayname built-in function description dayofmonth built-in function description dayofweek built-in function description dayofyear built-in function description dt_set_tz built-in function description equ, gt, gte, lt, lte, neq built-in functions description exp built-in function description floor built-in function description get_timestamp built-in function description getdate built-in function description st_point built-in function description st_x built-in function description st_y built-in function description st_distance built-in function description st_astext built-in function description st_geomfromtext built-in function description st_intersects built-in function description st_contains built-in function description st_within built-in function description isgeometry built-in function description geo_insert built-in function description geo_delete built-in function description hour built-in function description initcap built-in function description isarray built-in function description isblob built-in function description isbinary built-in function description isdouble built-in function description isentity built-in function description isfloat built-in function description isinteger built-in function description isnull built-in function description isnumeric built-in function description isfinitenumeric built-in function description isstring built-in function description iszero built-in function description __min built-in function description __max built-in function description __max_notnull built-in function description __min_notnull built-in function description jvm_ref_import built-in function description lcase built-in function description left built-in function description length built-in function description locate built-in function description log built-in function description log10 built-in function description lower built-in function description ltrim built-in function description make_string built-in function description minute built-in function description mod built-in function description month built-in function description monthname built-in function description msec_time built-in function description now built-in function description position built-in function description power built-in function description quarter built-in function description randomize built-in function description regexp_match built-in function description regexp_parse built-in function description regexp_substr built-in function description regexp_replace built-in function description regexp_instr built-in function description regexp_like built-in function description repeat built-in function description replace built-in function description right built-in function description rnd built-in function description rtrim built-in function description search_excerpt built-in function description second built-in function description serialize built-in function description sign built-in function description space built-in function description sprintf built-in function description sprintf_iri built-in function description sprintf_iri_or_null built-in function description sprintf_or_null built-in function description sqrt built-in function description strcasestr built-in function description strchr built-in function description stringdate built-in function description stringtime built-in function description string_output_flush built-in function description string_output_gz_compress built-in function description string_to_file built-in function description strrchr built-in function description strstr built-in function description subseq built-in function description substring built-in function description strcontains built-in function description starts_with built-in function description ends_with built-in function description tmp_file_name built-in function description timezone built-in function description acos, asin, atan, atan2, cos, cot, degrees, pi, radians, sin, tan built-in functions description trim built-in function description ucase built-in function description upper built-in function description vector built-in function description vector_concat built-in function description week built-in function description This is a document that uses Linked Data oriented content to describe OpenLink SPARQL Extensions BIF Ontology. OpenLink SPARQL BIF Extensions Ontology Description Document adjust_timezone built-in function description curdatetime built-in function description curdatetimeoffset built-in function description current_timestamp built-in function description curutcdatetime built-in function description forget_timezone built-in function description is_timezoneless built-in function description rdf_now_impl built-in function description sysutcdatetime built-in function description This is a turtle document that uses Linked Data oriented content to describe an OpenLink SPARQL BIF Extensions ontology OpenLink SPARQL BIF Extensions Ontology Description Document (Turtle) ST_Affine built-in function description ST_M built-in function description ST_MMax built-in function description ST_MMin built-in function description ST_XMax built-in function description ST_YMax built-in function description ST_YMin built-in function description ST_ZMax built-in function description ST_ZMin built-in function description ST_Zmflag built-in function description earth_radius built-in function description haversine_deg_km built-in function description dist_from_point_to_line_segment built-in function description st_linestring built-in function description ST_Z built-in function description ST_XMin built-in function description st_may_intersect built-in function description ST_SRID built-in function description ST_SetSRID built-in function description st_ewkt_read built-in function description http_st_ewkt built-in function description http_st_dxf_entity built-in function description st_get_bounding_box built-in function description GeometryType built-in function description ST_NumGeometries built-in function description ST_GeometryN built-in function description ST_ExteriorRing built-in function description ST_NumInteriorRings built-in function description ST_InteriorRingN built-in function description st_get_bounding_box_n built-in function description ST_Translate built-in function description ST_TransScale built-in function description st_transform_by_custom_projection built-in function description ST_Transform built-in function description postgis_proj_version built-in function description 2015-06-09T11:00:00-05:00 Ontology that defines entity and relation types used to describe SPARQL BIF extensions. Examples contains, str etc. 1.0.0 OpenLink SPARQL BIF Extensions Ontology This is a turtle document that uses Linked Data oriented content to describe an OpenLink Identity & Certification Ontology OpenLink SPARQL BIF Extensions Ontology Description Document (Turtle) The function returns the maximum value among all values in all its arguments by ignoring NULLs entirely. Usage: bif:__max_notnull. OpenLink Software __max_notnull GeometryType function returns EWKT type name of a given shape. SELECT ?s, bif:GeometryType(?o) FROM <http://example.com> WHERE { ?s ?p ?o } ORDER BY ASC(str(?s)) OpenLink Software GeometryType performs standard 2d affine transformation with matrix select st_affine (st_ewkt_read ('POLYGON((1 3,2 4,1 5,0 4,1 3), (1 3.5,1.5 4,1 4.5,0.5 4,1 3.5))'), 30, 3, 1, 0.3, 0.001, 0.002) OpenLink Software ST_Affine Returns an external (the very first) ring of a polygon. Usage: bif:ST_ExteriorRing. OpenLink Software ST_ExteriorRing Given a 1-based index of a member of a MULTI or COLLECTION shape, returns the member Usage: bif:ST_GeometryN. OpenLink Software ST_GeometryN Given a 1-based index of an interior ring of a polygon, returns the ring. Wrong index is not reported as an error and NULL is returned. Usage: bif:ST_InteriorRingN. OpenLink Software ST_InteriorRingN Returns the M coordinate. M is for mileage or the like. M equal to 245.3 could be 245.3 km of road or 0.3 distance from buoy 245 to buoy 246 or similar. Usage: bif:ST_M. OpenLink Software ST_M Returns boundaries of a bounding box around a shape. Bounding boxes around arcs are calculated in assumption that no one arc is longer than a half of full circle. SELECT ?s, bif:st_mmax(?o) as ?mmax FROM <http://example.com> WHERE { ?s ?p ?o } OpenLink Software ST_MMax Returns boundaries of a bounding box around a shape. Bounding boxes around arcs are calculated in assumption that no one arc is longer than a half of full circle. Usage: bif:ST_MMin. SPARQL SELECT ?s, bif:st_mmin(?o) as ?mmin FROM <http://example.com> WHERE { ?s ?p ?o }; OpenLink Software ST_MMin Returns number of members of a MULTI or COLLECTION shape, 1 for other sorts of shapes. SELECT ?s, bif:GeometryType(?o), bif:ST_NumGeometries(?o) FROM <http://example.com> WHERE { ?s ?p ?o } ORDER BY ASC(str(?s)) OpenLink Software ST_NumGeometries Returns number of interior rings of the given polygon, NULL if shape is not a polygon. SELECT ?s bif:ST_NumInteriorRings (?o) FROM <http://example.com/> WHERE { ?s ?p ?o } ORDER BY ASC(str(?s)) OpenLink Software ST_NumInteriorRings Returns the SRID of a geometry. SELECT (bif:ST_SRID (?geo)) WHERE { ?m geo:geometry ?geo . } LIMIT 10; OpenLink Software ST_SRID The geometry given as argument is modified to have the specified SRID and the modified geometry is returned. Usage: bif:ST_SetSRID. OpenLink Software ST_SetSRID Returns a copy of a shape with all coordinates shifted by the provided dX, dY and then multiplied by Xfactor and Yfactor. Different values for Xfactor and Yfactor will result in distorted arcs. SELECT ?s, bif:ST_TransScale(?o, 0.1, 0.2, 0.1, 0.1) FROM <http://example.com> WHERE { ?s ?p ?o } ORDER BY ASC(str(?s)) OpenLink Software ST_TransScale Transforms the given shape from its current spatial reference system to one specified by dest_srid. Usage: bif:ST_Transform. OpenLink Software ST_Transform Returns a copy of a shape with all coordinates shifted by the provided dX, dY and dZ. Usage: bif:ST_Translate. OpenLink Software ST_Translate Returns boundaries of a bounding box around a shape. Bounding boxes around arcs are calculated in assumption that no one arc is longer than a half of full circle. SELECT ?s, bif:st_xmax(?o) as ?xmax FROM <http://example.com> WHERE { ?s ?p ?o } OpenLink Software ST_XMax Returns boundaries of a bounding box around a shape. Bounding boxes around arcs are calculated in assumption that no one arc is longer than a half of full circle. SELECT ?s, bif:ST_XMin(?o) as ?xmin FROM <http://example.com> WHERE { ?s ?p ?o } OpenLink Software ST_XMin Returns boundaries of a bounding box around a shape. Bounding boxes around arcs are calculated in assumption that no one arc is longer than a half of full circle Usage: bif:ST_YMax. OpenLink Software ST_YMax Returns boundaries of a bounding box around a shape. Bounding boxes around arcs are calculated in assumption that no one arc is longer than a half of full circle. Usage: bif:ST_YMin. OpenLink Software ST_YMin Retrieves the x coordinate of a geometry. Usage: bif:ST_Z. OpenLink Software ST_Z Returns boundaries of a bounding box around a shape. Bounding boxes around arcs are calculated in assumption that no one arc is longer than a half of full circle. Usage: bif:ST_ZMax. OpenLink Software ST_ZMax Returns boundaries of a bounding box around a shape. Bounding boxes around arcs are calculated in ssumption that no one arc is longer than a half of full circle. Usage: bif:ST_ZMin. OpenLink Software ST_ZMin Returns bits indicating presence of Z and/or M coordinates. 0 means that the shape has only X and Y, 1 means that M is also in use (but not Z), 2 means Z but ont M, 3 is for both M and Z. Usage: bif:ST_Zmflag. OpenLink Software ST_Zmflag The function returns the maximum value among all values in all its arguments. Usage: bif:__max. OpenLink Software __max The function returns the minimum value among all values in all its arguments. Usage: bif:__min. OpenLink Software __min The function returns the minimum value among all values in all its arguments by ignoring NULLs entirely. Usage: bif:__min_notnull. OpenLink Software __min_notnull Returns the absolute value of its argument. Usage: bif:abs. OpenLink Software abs This function works with double precision floating point numbers. It converts its argument to an IEEE 64-bit float and return a result of that type. Usage: bif:acos OpenLink Software acos The function returns its first argument with unchanged GMT value but new timezone offset, as it is specified by the second argument. If the first argument is timezoneless and third argument is missing or zero then error 22023 is signaled. If the first argument is timezoneless and third argument is nonzero then no error is signaled and the argument is handled like it is a GMT value. Usage: bif:adjust_timezone. OpenLink Software adjust_timezone ascii returns the ASCII value of the first character of a string. If an empty string is given, then zero is returned. Usage: bif:ascii. OpenLink Software ascii This function works with double precision floating point numbers. It converts its argument to an IEEE 64-bit float and return a result of that type. Usage: bif:asin OpenLink Software asin This function works with double precision floating point numbers. It converts its argument to an IEEE 64-bit float and return a result of that type. Usage: bif:atan OpenLink Software atan This function works with double precision floating point numbers. It converts its argument to an IEEE 64-bit float and return a result of that type. Usage: bif:atan2 OpenLink Software atan2 Returns its argument as a single precision floating point. If the string cannot be parsed and converted to a valid float, a value 0.0 is returned. Usage: bif:atof. OpenLink Software atof Returns its argument as an integer. If the string cannot be parsed and converted to a valid integer, a value 0 is returned. SELECT * FROM <http://example.com> WHERE { ?s ?p ?o . filter (bif:atoi (?o) > 130) }; OpenLink Software atoi Returns bitwise AND of two given integers. On 64-bit platforms, both arguments are intentionally truncated to 32 bits to maintain compatibility. Usage: bif:bit_and. OpenLink Software bit_and Returns bitwise NOT of a given integer. On 64-bit platforms the argument is intentionally truncated to 32 bits to maintain compatibility. Usage: bif:bit_not. OpenLink Software bit_not Returns bitwise OR of two given integers. On 64-bit platforms, both arguments are intentionally truncated to 32 bits to maintain compatibility. Usage: bif:bit_or. OpenLink Software bit_or Returns bitwise shift of two given integers. Depending on the arguments, the shift may be left or right. For right-shift, leftmost bits of the result are filled by the value of the 31-st bit. On 64-bit platforms, both arguments are intentionally truncated to 32 bits and the shift is restricted to 32 bits to maintain compatibility. Usage: bif:bit_shift. OpenLink Software bit_shift Returns bitwise XOR (exclusive "or") of two given integers. On 64-bit platforms, both arguments are intentionally truncated to 32 bits, to provide compartibility. Usage: bif:bit_xor. OpenLink Software bit_xor Although primarily used for converting blobs (long varbinary, long varchar) to string, blob_to_string may also be used to convert from wide string, persistent XML (XPER) and string_output streams. If the data being converted is longer than maximum length of a string, blob_to_string will signal an error. Usage: bif:blob_to_string. OpenLink Software blob_to_string Although primarily used for converting blobs (long varbinary, long varchar) to string output object, blob_to_string_output may also be used to convert from wide string, persistent XML (XPER) and string_output streams. Usage: bif:blob_to_string_output. OpenLink Software blob_to_string_output Calculates the smallest integer greater than or equal to x. Usage: bif:ceiling. OpenLink Software ceiling chr returns a new one character long string containing the character with character code given as parameter. Usage: bif:chr. OpenLink Software chr Function concat returns a new string, concatenated from a variable number of strings given as arguments. NULL arguments are handled as empty strings. concat (str) returns a copy of str. concat () returns an empty string. sparql select bif:concat(str(?s),(str(?o)) from <http://example.com> where {?s ?p ?o} limit 10 OpenLink Software concat Concatenate is an alias of concat. select bif:concatenate(str(?s),(str(?o)) from <http://example.com> where {?s ?p ?o} limit 10 OpenLink Software concatenate A custom property (magic predicate) that applies string matching patterns to its object. This property exposes a built-in SQL function as a SPARQL extension. This is a SQL predicate that specifies a condition on a column on which a free text index exists. The expression is a string matching the grammar of a text search expression. This is computed for each evaluation of the contains predicate and does not have to be a constant. For example a parameter or variable of a containing score (e.g. procedure) is accepted. The score_limit is optional. If specified, it should be a numeric expression determining the minimum score required to produce a hit. A virtual column named 'SCORE' is available in queries involving a contains predicate. This can for example be returned in a result set or used for sorting. Note that the name is in upper case and is case sensitive in all case modes. SELECT * FROM <http://example.com> WHERE { ?s ?p ?o . ?o bif:contains "world" }; OpenLink Software contains This function works with double precision floating point numbers. It converts its argument to an IEEE 64-bit float and return a result of that type. Usage: bif:cos OpenLink Software cos This function works with double precision floating point numbers. It converts its argument to an IEEE 64-bit float and return a result of that type. Usage: bif:cot OpenLink Software cot Returns the current date or time as a date, time or datetime, respectively Usage: bif:curdate. OpenLink Software curdate Returns the current date or time as a date, time or datetime, respectively Usage: bif:curdatetime. OpenLink Software curdatetime The function returns current datetime, like now(), but fractional part of seconds can be adjusted by providing the number of "microseconds" as the argument. It is like curdatetime() but the returned datetime is in GMT timezone. Usage: bif:curdatetimeoffset. OpenLink Software curdatetimeoffset The function name refer to one function ( alias of now() ) that returns the timestamp of current transaction. It is the datetime of the beginning of current transaction with the fractional part of seconds replaced with serial number of a transaction within the second. If TimezonelessDatetimes=0 then the time has local timezone offset (as it was set at the time of last server start); otherwise it is timezoneless. Usage: bif:current_timestamp. OpenLink Software current_timestamp The function returns current datetime, like now(), but fractional part of seconds can be adjusted by providing the number of "microseconds" as the argument. The function is similar to curdatetime() but the returned datetime is in GMT timezone. Usage: bif:curutcdatetime. OpenLink Software curutcdatetime dateadd adds a positive or negative quantity of units to a date (in the internal date time format), and returns a new date so formed. The unit is specified as a string and can be one of the following: 'second', 'minute', 'hour', 'day', 'month', or 'year'. Use datestring to convert the result to a human-readable string. OpenLink Software dateadd datediff subtracts date1 from date2 and returns the difference as an integer in the specified units. SELECT ?wiki, ?dbp, bif:datediff('second', xsd:DateTime(?extracted) , now()) AS ?secondsAgo FROM <example.com> WHERE { ?wiki foaf:primaryTopic ?dbp . ?dbp dcterms:modified ?extracted . FILTER ( ?extracted > bif:dateadd('minute', -10, now())) } ORDER BY DESC (?extracted) LIMIT 30 OpenLink Software datediff datestring and datestring_gmt convert timestamps or datetimes from internal to external date-time representation. The external representation is a human-readable ASCII string of up to 30 characters. The external format is: YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss uuuuuu where uuuuuu represents microseconds. Usage: bif:datestring. OpenLink Software datestring Converts the local datetime to GMT and returns its external representation as a string. Usage: bif:datestring_gmt. OpenLink Software datestring_gmt Decomposes a datetime to name of day. Can be used on timestamps, datetimes, dates and times. Usage: bif:dayname. OpenLink Software dayname Decomposes a datetime to day of month. Can be used on timestamps, datetimes, dates and times. Usage: bif:dayofmonth. OpenLink Software dayofmonth Decomposes a datetime to day of week. Can be used on timestamps, datetimes, dates and times. Usage: bif:dayofweek. OpenLink Software dayofweek Decomposes a datetime to day of year. Can be used on timestamps, datetimes, dates and times. Usage: bif:dayofyear. OpenLink Software dayofyear This function works with double precision floating point numbers. It converts its argument to an IEEE 64-bit float and return a result of that type. Usage: bif:degrees OpenLink Software degrees Returns the distance between a point and a segment on a plane. Usage: bif:dist_from_point_to_line_segment. OpenLink Software dist_from_point_to_line_segment Modifies the timezone component of a datetime. The value remains equal for purposes of comparison but will look different when converted to a string. The timezone component is an offset from UTC in minutes. It can be retrieved with the timezone function. Usage: bif:dt_set_tz. OpenLink Software dt_set_tz Returns geom.mean of radius of Earth in kilometers, 6367.43568 Usage: bif:earth_radius. OpenLink Software earth_radius Returns a copy of arg1 if cond is something else than integer 0 (zero). Otherwise, a copy of arg2 is returned. OpenLink Software either ends_with checks whether string X ends with Y, ignoring occurencies of Y in other places. Returns 1 or 0. Usage: bif:ends_with. OpenLink Software ends_with This function returns 1 if its first argument is equivalent to the second argument, respectively. If the arguments are not of the same type, then an appropriate type coercion is done for them before comparison. The function corresponds to SQL query operator = and is needed because the SQL syntax does not allow these operators to be used on the left side of FROM keyword in a SELECT statement. Usage: bif:equ . OpenLink Software equ The function raises e to the power of x, it works with double precision floating point numbers, converts its argument to an IEEE 64-bit float and returns a result of that type. Usage: bif:exp. OpenLink Software exp floor calculates the largest integer smaller than or equal to x. Usage: bif:floor. OpenLink Software floor The function returns its first argument as a timezoned value. If the first argument is timezoneless then it is returned unchanged. If the first argument is timezoned and second argument is missing or zero then the result is timezoneless value that "looks like" local time notation. If the first argument is timezoned and second argument is nonzero then the value is first made GMT and then it becomes timezoneless. Usage: bif:forget_timezone. OpenLink Software forget_timezone Deletes a geometry from an R tree index. The tb must be a fully qualified name of an R tree table. This function is typically used from triggers on a geometry column. The function is transactional and makes a transaction log record of the action. Usage: bif:geo_delete. OpenLink Software geo_delete Inserts a geometry from an R tree index. The tb must be a fully qualified name of an R tree table. This function is typically used from triggers on a geometry column. The function is transactional and makes a transaction log record of the action. Usage: bif:geo_insert. OpenLink Software geo_insert get_timestamp is merely an alias for now and is provided for backward compatibility. Usage: bif:get_timestamp. OpenLink Software get_timestamp Returns the timestamp associated with current transaction. This is an alias of now(). Usage: bif:getdate. OpenLink Software getdate This function returns 1 if its first argument greater than to the second argument, respectively. If the arguments are not of the same type, then an appropriate type coercion is done for them before comparison. The function corresponds to SQL query operator > and is needed because the SQL syntax does not allow these operators to be used on the left side of FROM keyword in a SELECT statement. Usage: bif:gt. OpenLink Software gt This function returns 1 if its first argument is greater than or equivalent to the second argument, respectively. If the arguments are not of the same type, then an appropriate type coercion is done for them before comparison. The function corresponds to SQL query operator >= and is needed because the SQL syntax does not allow these operators to be used on the left side of FROM keyword in a SELECT statement. Usage: bif:gte. OpenLink Software gte The function calculates the approximate distance between two points, using haversine formula with an adjustment for case when points are ends of some diameter. Note that the order of arguments is latitude-longitude, not longitude-latitude. Usage: bif:haversine_deg_km. OpenLink Software haversine_deg_km Decomposes a datetime to hour. Can be used on timestamps, datetimes, dates and times. Usage: bif:hour. OpenLink Software hour This function writes a DXF (Data Exchange Format) representation of shape into the given output session. Usage: bif:http_st_dxf_entity. OpenLink Software http_st_dxf_entity Writes a EWKT representation of a shape to the given session, a fast replacement for http (st_astext (shape), ses). Usage: bif:http_st_ewkt. OpenLink Software http_st_ewkt initcap returns a copy of string str with the first character, if it is a lowercase letter, converted to the corresponding uppercase letter. Otherwise, an identical copy of the string is returned. Usage: bif:initcap. OpenLink Software initcap The function returns 1 for timezoneless arguments, zero for timezoned. Usage: bif:is_timezoneless. OpenLink Software is_timezoneless isarray is true if the argument is a valid argument to aref. This is the case for any string or vector. Usage: bif:isarray. OpenLink Software isarray Returns one if its argument is of type VARBINARY, zero otherwise. Usage: bif:isbinary. OpenLink Software isbinary Returns one if its argument as a handle to an object of the type LONG VARCHAR, zero otherwise. isblob returns one if its argument as a handle to an object of the type LONG VARCHAR, zero otherwise. Usage: bif:isblob. OpenLink Software isblob Returns one if its argument is of type double precision float, zero otherwise. isdouble returns one if its argument is of type double precision float, zero otherwise. Usage: bif:isdouble. OpenLink Software isdouble Returns true if its argument is an XML entity Usage: bif:isentity. OpenLink Software isentity Returns 1 if its argument is of numeric type and its value is plain valid numeric value, not a peculiarity like infinity or not-a-number. isfinitenumeric returns 1 if its argument is of numeric type and its value is plain valid numeric value, not a peculiarity like infinity or not-a-number. Usage: bif:isfinitenumeric. OpenLink Software isfinitenumeric Returns one if its argument is of type single float, zero otherwise. isfloat returns one if its argument is of type single float, zero otherwise. Usage: bif:isfloat. OpenLink Software isfloat Returns 1 if the argument is a geometry. Usage: bif:isgeometry. OpenLink Software isgeometry Returns one if its argument is of type integer, zero otherwise. isinteger returns one if its argument is of type integer, zero otherwise. Usage: bif:isinteger. OpenLink Software isinteger Returns one if its argument is NULL, zero otherwise. SELECT distinct (bif:subseq (?s, bif:strchr (?s, '#'))) WHERE { graph ?g { ?s ?p `2+2` . FILTER (! bif:isnull (bif:strchr (?s, '#') ) ) } }; OpenLink Software isnull isnumeric returns one if its argument is of type integer, single float or double precision floating point number, zero otherwise. Returns one if its argument is of type integer, single float or double precision floating point number, zero otherwise. SELECT round(?o) WHERE { ?s a ?c . ?s geo:geometry ?geo . ?s ?p ?o . FILTER ( bif:isnumeric(?o) ) } LIMIT 10 Usage: bif:isnumeric. OpenLink Software isnumeric Returns one if its argument is of type VARCHAR, zero otherwise. isstring returns one if its argument is of type VARCHAR, zero otherwise. Usage: bif:isstring. OpenLink Software isstring iszero returns one if its argument is an integer 0, a float 0.0 or a double 0.0 For any other arguments, of whatever type, it will return zero. Returns one if its argument is an integer 0, a float 0.0 or a double 0.0 For any other arguments, of whatever type, it will return zero. Usage: bif:iszero. OpenLink Software iszero Creates XML description of Java class. Usage: bif:jvm_ref_import. OpenLink Software jvm_ref_import lcase returns a copy of string str with all the uppercase alphabetical characters converted to corresponding lowercase letters. This includes also the diacritic letters present in the ISO 8859/1 standard in range 192 - 222 decimal, excluding the character 223, German double-s which stays the same. lower is an alias for lcase. Usage: bif:lcase. OpenLink Software lcase left returns a subsequence of string str, taking count characters from the beginning of the string. If count is zero an empty string '' is returned. If length of str is less than count then a copy of the whole str is returned. Usage: bif:left. OpenLink Software left Returns the length of its argument. SELECT ?label FROM <http://example.com> WHERE { ?s ?p ?label FILTER (bif:length(str(?label))<= 256) } OpenLink Software length Returns the starting position of the first occurrence of string_exp1 within string_exp2. The search for the first occurrence of string_exp1 begins with the first character position in string_exp2 unless the optional argument, start, is specified. If start is specified, the search begins with the character position indicated by the value of start. The first character position in string_exp2 is indicated by the value 1. If string_exp1 is not found within string_exp2, the value 0 is returned. OpenLink Software locate log calculates the natural logarithm of its argument and returns it as a IEEE 64-bit float. Usage: bif:log. OpenLink Software log log10 calculates the 10-based logarithm of its argument and returns it as a IEEE 64-bit float. Usage: bif:log10. OpenLink Software log10 lcase returns a copy of string str with all the uppercase alphabetical characters converted to corresponding lowercase letters. This includes also the diacritic letters present in the ISO 8859/1 standard in range 192 - 222 decimal, excluding the character 223, German double-s which stays the same. lower is just an alias for lcase. PREFIX sioc_t:<http://rdfs.org/sioc/types#> SELECT DISTINCT ?s FROM <http://example.com> WHERE { ?s sioc_t:Tag ?Tag. FILTER ( bif:lower(str(?Tag)) in ('analisi', 'autonomas', 'autonomia de gobierno', 'autonomia', 'autonomica', 'comun', 'comunidades', 'critico' ) ) } OpenLink Software lower This function returns 1 if its first argument is less than to the second argument, respectively. If the arguments are not of the same type, then an appropriate type coercion is done for them before comparison. The function corresponds to SQL query operator < and is needed because the SQL syntax does not allow these operators to be used on the left side of FROM keyword in a SELECT statement. Usage: bif:lt. OpenLink Software lt This function returns 1 if its first argument is less than or equivalent to the second argument, respectively. If the arguments are not of the same type, then an appropriate type coercion is done for them before comparison. The function corresponds to SQL query operator <= and is needed because the SQL syntax does not allow these operators to be used on the left side of FROM keyword in a SELECT statement. Usage: bif:lte. OpenLink Software lte ltrim returns a copy of subsequence of string str with all the characters present in trimchars trimmed off from the beginning. If the second argument is omitted, it is a space ' ' by default. rtrim is similar except that it trims from the right. trim trims from both ends. Usage: bif:ltrim. OpenLink Software ltrim make_string returns a new string of length count, filled with binary zeros. If count is zero, an empty string '' is returned. Returns a new string of length count, filled with binary zeros. If count is zero, an empty string '' is returned. Usage: bif:make_string. OpenLink Software make_string Decomposes a datetime to minute. Can be used on timestamps, datetimes, dates and times. Usage: bif:minute. OpenLink Software minute mod returns the modulus (i.e. remainder) of the division dividend/divisor. If the divisor is zero the SQL error 22012 "Division by zero" is generated. Usage: bif:mod. OpenLink Software mod Decomposes a datetime to month number, starting at 1 for January. Can be used on timestamps, datetimes, dates and times. Usage: bif:month. OpenLink Software month Monthname takes a datetime and returns a string containing name of the month represented by the datetime Usage: bif:monthname. OpenLink Software monthname Returns the number of milliseconds since system epoch. It is useful for benchmarking purposes, timing operations, etc. Usage: bif:msec_time. OpenLink Software msec_time This function returns 1 if its first argument is not equivalent to the second argument, respectively. If the arguments are not of the same type, then an appropriate type coercion is done for them before comparison. The function corresponds to SQL query operator <> and is needed because the SQL syntax does not allow these operators to be used on the left side of FROM keyword in a SELECT statement. Usage: bif:neq. OpenLink Software neq Returns the timestamp associated with current transaction as a DATETIME. This value is guaranteed to differ from the timestamp of any other transaction. sparql select ?offer from <http://example.com> where { ?offer a gr:Offering ; gr:validFrom ?validfrom ; gr:validThrough ?validto . FILTER(?validfrom <= bif:now() and ?validto >= bif:now()) . } OpenLink Software now This function works with double precision floating point numbers. It converts its argument to an IEEE 64-bit float and return a result of that type. Usage: bif:pi OpenLink Software pi Returns the one-based index for the first occurrence of element within an array or string, beginning from offset start_index and iterating with step. If the second argument is a string, the first argument must be a string with a single character. If the second argument is an array of any, then depending of type of it's elements same type is expected as the first argument. select bif:position('b',(str(?o)) from <http://example.com> where {?s ?p ?o} limit 10 OpenLink Software position Returns the version of the v7proj4 plugin in use, as a string, for compatibility with PostGIS. Usage: bif:postgis_proj_version. OpenLink Software postgis_proj_version power raises x to the yth power and returns the value as a IEEE 64-bit float. Usage: bif:power. OpenLink Software power quarter takes a datetime and returns an integer containing a number representing the quarter of year of the datetime. Usage: bif:quarter. OpenLink Software quarter This function works with double precision floating point numbers. It converts its argument to an IEEE 64-bit float and return a result of that type. Usage: bif:radians OpenLink Software radians The rnd function returns a random number between zero and n - 1, inclusive. randomize initializes the random number generator. The random number generator is initialized after the clock at first usage, so the produced sequences will be different each time unless specifically initialized. Usage: bif:randomize. OpenLink Software randomize This function returns the timestamp associated with current transaction as a DATETIME. The function name refer to one function ( alias of now() ) that returns the timestamp of current transaction. It is the datetime of the beginning of current transaction with the fractional part of seconds replaced with serial number of a transaction within the second. If TimezonelessDatetimes=0 then the time has local timezone offset (as it was set at the time of last server start); otherwise it is timezoneless. Usage: bif:rdf_now_impl. OpenLink Software rdf_now_impl This function looks for a pattern and returns the first position of the pattern. Optionally, you can indicate the start_position you want to begin the search. The occurrence parameter defaults to 1 unless you indicate that you are looking for a subsequent occurrence. The default value of the return_option is 0, which returns the starting position of the pattern; a value of 1 returns the starting position of the next character following the match. This function returns the starting position of a pattern, so it works much like the familiar INSTR function. The main difference between the two functions is that REGEXP_INSTR lets you specify a pattern instead of a specific search string; thus providing greater versatility. Usage: bif:regexp_instr. OpenLink Software regexp_instr Allows a like comparison using regular-expression. Usage: bif:regexp_like. OpenLink Software regexp_like The regexp_match function returns a copy of substring of string str which matches the regular expression pattern. Previous behavior of this function would cut the first characters of str until the end of regular expression matched substring. In this way str could be passed to this function again to find the next occurrence of substring that matches the regular expression. By default this behavior is not adopted by this function, but can be enabled for pre 3.2 compatibility by supplying the optional third parameter. If either the pattern or str parameter contain wide characters this function will operate in wide mode, first converting any narrow characters to wide and returning a wide character response. Otherwise this function operates in narrow mode by default. Usage: bif:regexp_match. OpenLink Software regexp_match Returns substrings that match the regular expression in supplied string after an offset Usage: bif:regexp_parse. OpenLink Software regexp_parse This function replaces occurrence(s) of the matching pattern in the source_string with a specified replace_string, allowing complex search-and-replace operations. The traditional REPLACE SQL function substitutes one string with another. Assume your data has extraneous spaces in the text and you would like to replace them with a single space. With the REPLACE function, you would need to list exactly how many spaces you want to replace. However, the number of extra spaces may not be the same everywhere in the text. Usage: bif:regexp_replace. OpenLink Software regexp_replace This function will return the whole string value of the first substring in "str" that matches the regexp in "pattern" or a sub part of the first match. The regexp syntax allows subexpressions to be marked in the regular expression (using the braces syntax). An example of such type of expression will be: '(2[34]).*(2[35])' which means a regular expression having two subexpressions: '2[34]' and '2[35]'. Usage: bif:regexp_substr. OpenLink Software regexp_substr repeat returns a new string, composed of the string str repeated count times. If count is zero, an empty string '' is returned. Usage: bif:repeat. OpenLink Software repeat Replaces every occurrence of the second argument in the first argument with the third argument. The arguments can be narrow or wide strings. CONSTRUCT { ?s <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#equivalentClass> `iri (bif:replace(?o,'http://schema.rdfs.org/', 'http://schema.org/'))` } FROM <http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/rdfs> WHERE { ?s <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#equivalentClass> ?o }; OpenLink Software replace Returns the count rightmost characters of string str. If count is zero an empty string '' is returned. If length of str is less than count then a copy of the whole str is returned. Usage: bif:right. OpenLink Software right The rnd function returns a random number between zero and n - 1, inclusive. Randomize initializes the random number generator. The random number generator is initialized after the clock at first usage, so the produced sequences will be different each time unless specifically initialized. SELECT ?s ?p ?o FROM <http://example.com> WHERE { ?s ?p ?o . FILTER ( 1 > <bif:rnd> (10, ?s, ?p, ?o) ) } OpenLink Software rnd Returns a copy of subsequence of string str with all the characters present in trimchars trimmed off from the beginning. If the second argument is omitted, it is a space ' ' by default. rtrim is similar except that it trims from the right. trim trims from both ends. Usage: bif:rtrim. OpenLink Software rtrim This function produces representative samples for use in displaying a query hit. There are two modes: html mode and text mode. In html mode everything looks like html tags is ignored and searching of excerpt begins from <body> tag. All found hit words highlighted by html_hit_tag. In text mode text is treated as plain text, html tag detection is disabled and hit words is not highlighted. SELECT ?s ?o ?an ( bif:search_excerpt ( bif:vector ( 'In', 'Your' ) , ?o ) ) WHERE { ?s rdf:type mo:Record . ?s schema:creator ?a . ?a foaf:name ?an . ?s dc:title ?o . FILTER ( bif:contains ( ?o, '"in your"' ) ) } LIMIT 10; OpenLink Software search_excerpt second takes a datetime and returns an integer containing a number representing the second of the datetime. Usage: bif:second. OpenLink Software second This function will convert any heterogeneous array or tree of arrays into a binary string and back. The format is platform independent. Usage: bif:serialize. OpenLink Software serialize sign returns either -1, 0 or 1 depending whether its numeric argument is negative, zero or positive. Returns either -1, 0 or 1 depending whether its numeric argument is negative, zero or positive. Usage: bif:sign. OpenLink Software sign This function works with double precision floating point numbers. It converts its argument to an IEEE 64-bit float and return a result of that type. Usage: bif:sin OpenLink Software sin space returns a new string, composed of count spaces. If count is zero, an empty string '' is returned. Usage: bif:space. OpenLink Software space Converts the escaped var=val pair inputs text to a corresponding vector of string elements. If the optional third argument is a string of less than three characters, then does only the decoding (but no splitting) and returns back a string. SELECT bif:aref (bif:split_and_decode('http%3A%2F%2Fexample.org%2Ftest1%3Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fexample.org%2Ftest2',0), 0) { ?S ?P ?O } LIMIT 1 OpenLink Software split_and_decode Returns a new string formed by "printing" a variable number of arguments arg_1 - arg_x according to the format string format, that is, exactly the same way as with the sprintf function of C language. However the sprintf function enforces some additional limitations over the sprintf C function. PREFIX nrl:<http://www.semanticdesktop.org/ontologies/2007/08/15/nrl#> SELECT ( bif:exec(bif:sprintf("SPARQL CLEAR GRAPH<%s>", str(?mg)))) WHERE { ?mg nrl:coreGraphMetadataFor ?g . FILTER(?g in ( <http://example.com> )) . FILTER ( !bif:exists((SELECT (1) WHERE { GRAPH ?g { ?s ?p ?o . } . })) ) . } OpenLink Software sprintf Gets a string to parse, a format string and an integer (0,1 or 2) that indicates error recovery method. If the first argument matches the format string then it returns vector of the pattern values. define input:storage "" select (bif:aref(bif:sprintf_inverse (str(?idx), bif:concat (str(rdf:_), "%d"), 0), 0)) ?qm from virtrdf: where { virtrdf:DefaultQuadStorage-UserMaps ?idx ?qm . ?qm a virtrdf:QuadMap } OpenLink Software sprintf_inverse Similar to sprintf returns a new string formed by "printing" a variable number of arguments arg_1 - arg_x according to the format string format. The difference is that the returned string is marked as being IRI string so some applications and clients may distinguish between RDF reference string and RDF literal. Usage: bif:sprintf_iri. OpenLink Software sprintf_iri Similar to sprintf_iri and returns a new string formed by "printing" a variable number of arguments arg_1 - arg_x according to the format string format. The difference is that the function can return null if any of the arguments except the first one is null. The returned string is marked as being IRI string so some applications and clients may distinguish between RDF reference string and RDF literal. Usage: bif:sprintf_iri_or_null. OpenLink Software sprintf_iri_or_null Similar to sprintf and returns a new string formed by "printing" a variable number of arguments arg_1 - arg_x according to the format string format. The difference is that the function can return null if any of the arguments except the first one is null. Usage: bif:sprintf_or_null. OpenLink Software sprintf_or_null sqrt calculates the square root of its argument and returns it as a IEEE 64-bit float. Usage: bif:sqrt. OpenLink Software sqrt Returns the well known text (WKT) representation of the geometry. Usage: bif:st_astext. OpenLink Software st_astext Returns true if all points of a given geometry g2 are in another geometry g1. If prec is supplied, this is a tolerance for the matching in units of linear distance appropriate to the srid. Both geometries should have the same srid. Usage: bif:st_contains. OpenLink Software st_contains Returns the shortest distance between two points such that the first point is part of g1 and the second of g2. The srid of g1 and g2 must be the same. If the srid is 4326, the haversine function is used to compute a great circle distance in kilometers on Earth. Otherwise the distance is calculated as on a flat Euclidean plane. OpenLink Software st_distance Parses the given text as a EWKT and returns the parsed shape. Usage: bif:st_ewkt_read. OpenLink Software st_ewkt_read Parses the string and returns the corresponding geometry. The string is to be in well known text representation (WKT). Usage: bif:st_geomfromtext. OpenLink Software st_geomfromtext Returns BOX2D that is a bounding box of a shape. Usage: bif:st_get_bounding_box. OpenLink Software st_get_bounding_box Given a 1-based index of a member of a MULTI or COLLECTION shape, returns the bounding box of a member. This is a fast equivalent of st_get_bounding_box_n(ST_GeometryN (shape,idx)). Usage: bif:st_get_bounding_box_n. OpenLink Software st_get_bounding_box_n Returns intersects between two geometries. If prec is supplied, this is a tolerance for the matching in units of linear distance appropriate to the srid. Both geometries should have the same srid. st_intersects is true if there is at least one point in common. SELECT ?c COUNT (*) WHERE { ?m geo:geometry ?geo . ?m a ?c . FILTER (bif:st_intersects (?geo, bif:st_point (0, 52), 100)) } GROUP BY ?c ORDER BY DESC 2; OpenLink Software st_intersects Returns a linestring in default SRID, the coordinates of vertices are specified by arguments that are points, 2-, 3- or 4-item vectors of coordinates, linestrings, arcstrings or vectors of the above mentioned values. Repeating vertices are automatically removed, except the case of repeating vertices in the middle of a linestring/arcstring argument. Usage: bif:st_linestring. OpenLink Software st_linestring checks whether bounding boxes of two shapes intersect or some of its points are within the specified proximity. This is much faster than full st_intersects() check. Usage: bif:st_may_intersect. OpenLink Software st_may_intersect Returns a point geometry. The x coordinate corresponds to longitude. SELECT ?c COUNT (*) WHERE { ?m geo:geometry ?geo . ?m a ?c . FILTER (bif:st_intersects (?geo, bif:st_point (0, 52), 100)) } GROUP BY ?c ORDER BY DESC 2; OpenLink Software st_point Performs a custom projection of shape, using the specified algorithm and algorithm-specific arguments. Usage: bif:st_transform_by_custom_projection. OpenLink Software st_transform_by_custom_projection Returns true if all points of g1 are in g2. If prec is supplied, this is a tolerance for the matching in units of linear distance appropriate to the srid. Both geometries should have the same srid. Usage: bif:st_within. OpenLink Software st_within Retrieves the x coordinate of a geometry. Usage: bif:st_x. OpenLink Software st_x Retrieves the y coordinate of a geometry. Usage: bif:st_y. OpenLink Software st_y Checks whether string X begins with Y, ignoring occurencies of Y in other places. Returns 1 or 0. Usage: bif:starts_with. OpenLink Software starts_with Performs a case-insensitive substring search, returning a zero-based index pointing to beginning of first occurrence of sub or NULL if not found. Usage: bif:strcasestr. OpenLink Software strcasestr Returns a zero-based index to the first occurrence of char. If char is not found NULL is returned. char can be given either as an integer ASCII value or a string, in which case the first character of that string is searched fo. SELECT distinct (bif:subseq (?s, bif:strchr (?s, '#'))) WHERE { graph ?g { ?s ?p `2+2` . FILTER (! bif:isnull (bif:strchr (?s, '#') ) ) } }; OpenLink Software strchr Performs a substring search, returning 1 or 0. Usage: bif:strcontains. OpenLink Software strcontains A string output stream is a special object that may be used to buffer arbitrarily long streams of data. They are useful for handling data that would not otherwise fit within normal varchar size limitations. The HTTP output functions optionally take a string output stream handle as a parameter and then output to said stream instead of the HTTP client. A string output stream can be assigned to a database column in insert or update, causing the characters written to the stream to be assigned to the column as a narrow string. The function string_output_string can be used to produce a varchar out of a string output stream. It may be called repeatedly to obtain several copies of the data. http_rewrite can be used to flush a string output stream. If a string output stream is passed to the function result the data stored in it is sent to the client. The string output object cannot be copied. It cannot therefore be assigned between two variables or passed by value (as an IN parameter.) It can be passed by reference (OUT, INOUT parameter.) Usage: bif:string_output. OpenLink Software string_output Resets the state of the string output object. The string associated with the string output is dropped and is of 0 characters after this call. Usage: bif:string_output_flush. OpenLink Software string_output_flush Compresses its string_output argument using the gzip algorithm and writes the result to another string_output given as an argument. When successful, the number of bytes written to str_out_out is returned Usage: bif:string_output_gz_compress. OpenLink Software string_output_gz_compress This function is used to produce a string from contents of a string output stream. See string_output for more information about string output streams. Usage: bif:string_output_string. OpenLink Software string_output_string This function requires dba privileges. string_to_file writes a varchar value or string session to a file. The path is relative to the server's working directory. The mode is an integer value interpreted as a position. A mode of 0 writes the content starting at offset 0. A mode of -1 appends to the end of the file. The append option is probably the most useful for producing application level logs, etc. The string argument can also be a string output object. In this case the content is used as the string. If the mode is -2, the new content supersedes the old. This is different from 0 in that the file will be truncated if the new content is shorter than the old. The DirsAllowed and DirsDenied lists in Parameters section of the virtuoso configuration file (virtuoso.ini by default) are used to control disk access. An error 42000/FA024 is signalled if an attempt is made to write to a file in a directory to which disk access is not explicitly allowed. Usage: bif:string_to_file. OpenLink Software string_to_file stringdate converts dates and timestamps from text to the internal DATETIME type. The external format is: YYYY.MM.DD hh:mm.ss uuuuuu where uuuuuu represents number of microseconds. If trailing parts are omitted from the string given to stringdate, they are assumed to be zero. The three first parts are mandatory. Note that use of cast (x as datetime) is preferred over this function. Converts dates and timestamps from text to the internal DATETIME type. The external format is: YYYY.MM.DD hh:mm.ss uuuuuu where uuuuuu represents number of microseconds. If trailing parts are omitted from the string given to stringdate, they are assumed to be zero. The three first parts are mandatory. Note that use of cast (x as datetime) is preferred over this function. PREFIX dst: <http://linkedgeodata.org/vocabulary#> PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> SELECT (bif:year( bif:stringdate(?sdate)) AS ?syear) (bif:sum( bif:number(?dist)) AS ?distance) FROM <http://example.com> WHERE { ?row dc:date ?sdate . ?row dst:distance ?dist } GROUP BY (bif:year(bif:stringdate(?sdate))) ORDER BY ASC(bif:year(bif:stringdate(?sdate))); PREFIX dst: <http://linkedgeodata.org/vocabulary#> PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> SELECT (bif:year( bif:stringdate(?sdate)) AS ?syear) (bif:sum( bif:number(?dist)) AS ?distance) FROM <http://example.com> WHERE { ?row dc:date ?sdate . ?row dst:distance ?dist } GROUP BY (bif:year(bif:stringdate(?sdate))) ORDER BY ASC(bif:year(bif:stringdate(?sdate))) OpenLink Software stringdate Converts the argument to a time. Usage: bif:stringtime. OpenLink Software stringtime Returns a zero-based index to the last occurrence of char in string. If char is not found NULL is returned. char can be given either as an integer ASCII value or a string, in which case the first character of that string is searched for in str. Usage: bif:strrchr. OpenLink Software strrchr Performs a substring search, returning a zero-based index pointing to beginning of first occurrence of sub or NULL if not found. Usage: bif:strstr. OpenLink Software strstr Returns a copy of subsequence of string or vector str using zero-based indices from (inclusive) and to (exclusive) to delimit the substring or the vector extracted. If to is omitted or is NULL, then it equals by default to the length of str, i.e. everything from from to the end of str is returned. If to and from are equal, an empty string '' (empty vector) is returned. If from is greater than to or length of str an error is signalled. If str is NULL then NULL is returned. SELECT (xsd:date(bif:subseq(str(?a_dt), 0, 10))), count(*) FROM <http://example.com> WHERE { ?s <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/date> ?a_dt } GROUP BY (xsd:date(bif:subseq(str(?a_dt), 0, 10))); OpenLink Software subseq Returns a substring of string str. The start index is 1 based. The substring is sublen characters long. This function follows SQL 92. Usage: bif:substring. OpenLink Software substring The function returns current datetime, like now(), but fractional part of seconds can be adjusted by providing the number of "microseconds" as the argument. The function is similar to curdatetime() but the returned datetime is in GMT timezone. Usage: bif:sysutcdatetime. OpenLink Software sysutcdatetime This function works with double precision floating point numbers. It converts its argument to an IEEE 64-bit float and return a result of that type. Usage: bif:tan OpenLink Software tan The function returns timezone offset of its first argument, as an integer value in minutes. If the first argument is timezoneless and second argument is missing or zero then the returned value is NULL. If the first argument is timezoneless and second argument is nonzero then the returned value is 0. Usage: bif:timezone. OpenLink Software timezone This function is used to obtain unique name of a file, which is located in temporary directory on file system. The two optional parameters can be supplied: prefix of the file and extension for it. These will be prepended and appended (dot MUST be omitted) to the unique string. The directory where this file is located depends of $TMPDIR or %TMP% environment settings for UNIX's and Windows platforms respectively. If these environment settings are not available or empty, the defaults will be used for the operation system. (in practice for most UNIX's it's /tmp or /var/tmp directory). Note that this function do NOT open the file, it only give us a name. Usage: bif:tmp_file_name. OpenLink Software tmp_file_name Returns a copy of subsequence of string str with all the characters present in trimchars trimmed off from the beginning. If the second argument is omitted, it is a space ' ' by default. rtrim is similar except that it trims from the right. trim trims from both ends. Usage: bif:trim. OpenLink Software trim Returns a copy of string str with all the lowercase alphabetical characters converted to corresponding uppercase letters. This includes also the diacritic letters present in the ISO 8859/1 standard in range 224 - 254 decimal, excluding the character 255, y diaeresis, which is not converted to a German double-s. upper is just an alias for ucase. Usage: bif:ucase. OpenLink Software ucase Returns a copy of string str with all the lowercase alphabetical characters converted to corresponding uppercase letters. This includes also the diacritic letters present in the ISO 8859/1 standard in range 224 - 254 decimal, excluding the character 255, y diaeresis, which is not converted to a German double-s. upper is just an alias for ucase. Usage: bif:upper. OpenLink Software upper vector returns a new vector (one-dimensional array) constructed from the given arguments. select bif:vector('1',(str(?o), '34') from <http://example.com> where {?s ?p ?o} limit 10 OpenLink Software vector vector_concat takes a variable number of vectors (heterogeneous arrays) and constructs a new vector containing copies of each (top level) element in the arguments. Usage: bif:vector_concat. OpenLink Software vector_concat week takes a datetime and returns an integer containing a number representing the week of year of the datetime. Usage: bif:week. OpenLink Software week lt built-in function description