LIO
type: Ontology
comment: A Lightweight Ontology for Describing Images (LIO)
comment: Authored by Margaret Warren and Pat Hayes for Metadata Authoring Systems, LLC, Metadata Authoring Technologies, LLC and ImageSnippets(tm) 2010
comment: The old namespace http://purl.org/net/lio# is deprecated. Use https://w3id.org/lio/v1# instead
preferred namespace prefix: lio
preferred namespace uri: https://w3id.org/lio/v1#
title: Lightweight Image Ontology (LIO)
description: A Lightweight Ontology for Describing Images
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

Pictorial element
type: Class
equivalent class: PictorialElement
comment: Any visual entity; any graphical item, part, or visual property of an image or part of an image, including the image itself. Examples include lines, areas, colors and textures. Pictorial elements may have arbitrarily complex shapes and may be implicit, e.g. lines of perspective or outlined white spaces. Rectangular regions of an image are pictorial elements, and the entire image is also. Thus, Image is a subclass of PictorialElement. PictorialElements may be included in one another, giving a simple mereology of visual forms, with the property visualPartOf. Non-visual properties such as date or manner of creation are not considered to be PictorialElements. A property or aspect of an image can be considered to be a PictorialElment when it can be apprehended by vision alone.

Image
type: Class
equivalent class: Image
comment: An image. Any PictorialElement that is considered to be a complete image. Typically the main subject of an ImageSnippets description will be in this class. An image can be a visualPartOf another image.
subclass of: Pictorial element

visual part of
type: ObjectProperty
equivalent property: visualPartOf
domain: Pictorial element
range: Pictorial element
inverse of: has visual part
type: TransitiveProperty

has visual part
type: ObjectProperty
equivalent property: hasVisualPart
comment: The inverse of the part-of relation on visual elements.
domain: Pictorial element
range: Pictorial element
inverse of: visual part of
type: TransitiveProperty

depicts
type: ObjectProperty
equivalent property: depicts
sub property of: shows
domain: Pictorial element
comment: Anything depicted by an image. Subproperty of lio:shows. Depiction does not imply looking like, eg an Xray of a chest can be said to depict the patient. As an intuitive guide, an image depicts anything it can be said to be a picture of.

shows
type: ObjectProperty
equivalent property: shows
domain: Image
comment: Anything in the scene depicted by an image, and which is visible in the image. Meant to include incidental depictions as well as any main subjects. For example, a tree in the background of a portrait, or a person in the crowd at a parade. Images may show many things that the images are not a picture of.

looks like
type: ObjectProperty
equivalent property: looksLike
domain: Pictorial element
comment: Characterization of something in terms of what it resembles or appears to be a representation of. Examples include 'an outline of a man', a hand shape, etc.. Note, this property has a special meaning when applied to classes. When the value is a class or skos:category, this means that the visual element is a 'typical' or archetypical or iconic shape for an item in that class, such as a typical elephant outline. When the value is an individual, this means that the element visually resembles the individual, eg a profile of George Washington.

conveys
type: ObjectProperty
equivalent property: conveys
comment: Relationship between an image and an emotion, mood or idea that it can be said to illustrate without actually depicting. FOr example, a Picasso blue period painting might convey sadness.
domain: Pictorial element

uses pictorially
type: ObjectProperty
equivalent property: usesPictorially
comment: Relationship between an image and something visible (depicted or shown) in the image when that thing is used for pictorial or artistic effect.
domain: Pictorial element

has artistic element
type: ObjectProperty
equivalent property: hasArtisticElement
comment: Relationship between an image and a pictorial element in the image (a line, shape, form, texture) which is used for pictorial or artistic effect.
domain: Pictorial element

has in foreground
type: ObjectProperty
equivalent property: hasInForeground
comment: Relationship between an image and something visible in the foreground of the scene depicted by the image.
domain: Pictorial element

has in background
type: ObjectProperty
equivalent property: hasInBackground
comment: Relationship between an image and something visible in the background of the scene depicted by the image.
domain: Pictorial element

has depicted background
type: ObjectProperty
equivalent property: hasDepictedBackground
domain: Image
comment: Relation between an image and the background of the scene depicted by the image, for example distant mountains. Not all images need have such a background. As with looksLike, when the value is a class or skos:Concept, this means a typical element of that class, eg http://dbpedia.org/resource/Mountain.

has pictorial background
type: ObjectProperty
equivalent property: hasPictorialBackground
domain: Image
comment: The pictorial (surface) background of the image itself. For example, the ground surface of a drawing. Not all images need have such a background. As with looksLike, when the value is a class or skos:Concept, this means a typical element of that class.

has setting
type: ObjectProperty
equivalent property: hasSetting
domain: Image
comment: Circumstances or general location which provide a context within which the image was created. This may be a location or an event, such as http://dbpedia.org/resource/Millennium_March_on_Washington. It need not be depicted in the image explicitly. As with looksLike, when the value is a class or skos:concept, this is understood to mean a typical instance of the class, eg a photograph taken in a kitchen hasSetting http://http://dbpedia.org/resource/Kitchen.

has tag
type: DatatypeProperty
equivalent property: hasTag
comment: used to attach image tags within RDFa. Value is a single tag, not a list or sequence of tags.
domain: Image
range: string

location
type: DatatypeProperty
equivalent property: location
comment: used to attach information about the sublocation where the image was created. This could refer to any geographical level or be less precisely individuated than a traditional geographical hierarchy.
domain: Image
range: string

materials
type: DatatypeProperty
equivalent property: materials
comment: used to attach information about the materials used in the work. Intended to be synchronized with the Visual Resources Association vocabulary.
domain: Image
range: string

style
type: DatatypeProperty
equivalent property: style
comment: used to attach information about the style of the work. Intended to be synchronized with the Visual Resources Association vocabulary.
domain: Image
range: string

technique
type: DatatypeProperty
equivalent property: technique
comment: used to attach information about the technique used in the work. Intended to be synchronized with the Visual Resources Association vocabulary.
domain: Image
range: string