RBO is an ontology for the effects of radiation on biota in terrestrial and space environments. Radiation Biology Ontology 2025-03-20 has atomic number The atomic mass (ma or m) is the mass of an atom. The protons and neutrons of the nucleus account for nearly all of the total mass of atoms, with the electrons and nuclear binding energy making minor contributions. It is measured in Daltons (unit). mass number Ionizing radiation classified by the material entity which generates or emits it. ionizing radiation categorized by source Radiation originating outside the Earth's atmosphere. space radiation One of the principal sources of ground radiation is radon gas. Radiation produced on Earth or on another planetary body by natural or artificial means. ground radiation Material presenting, when irradiated, interaction properties similar to those of soft tissue. ICRP glossary (http://icrpaedia.org/Tissue_equivalent_material) tissue equivalent material Atomic nuclei, each with 26 protons and 30 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator Fe-56 ion radiation Atomic nuclei, each with 6 protons and 6 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator C-12 ion radiation Atomic nuclei, each with 14 protons and 14 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator Si-28 ion radiation Atomic nuclei, each with 2 protons and 2 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator He-4 ion radiation Atomic nuclei, each with 10 protons and 10 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator Ne-20 ion radiation An atomic nucleus, fully stripped of its orbital electrons, and containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 protons. light ion Ionization chambers and silicon solid state detectors can be used as active dosimeters. A radiation measuring device which records dose at the time of detection, with data available in real time active dosimeter Thermoluminescent dosimeters and plastic nuclear track detectors are passive detectors. A radiation measuring device which integrates the amount of radiation to which it is exposed. Passive detectors are interrogated at a later time to determine the dose. passive dosimeter The amount of ionizing radiation to which a member of the population on Earth is exposed from natural sources, such as terrestrial radiation from naturally-occurring radionuclides in the soil, cosmic radiation originating in outer space, and naturally-occurring ra ionizing background radiation The effective dose was calculated to be 300 mSv. The sum of the equivalent doses to all organs in the body, each adjusted to account for the sensitivity of the organ to radiation. Effective dose is calculated for the whole body. Effective dose is expressed in millisieverts (mSv). effective dose The samples were exposed to a mixed radiation field consisting of several ions at different energies. The process of exposing the same sample to more than one type and/or energy of radiation, in sequence or simultaneously. mixed field mixed radiation field mixed radiation An environment the occupation of which results in exposure to radiation. radiation environment That part of the Earth exposed to the Earth atmosphere. earth surface The region between the Earth's surface and an altitude of approximately 100 km earth atmosphere LEO The region of outer space between the Earth's atmosphere and the innermost Earth radiation belt LEO low earth orbit BLEO That part of outer space beyond the Earth's radiation belts. BLEO beyond low earth orbit fractionated A radiation dose administered in two or more exposures at specified time intervals fractionated radiation exposure A unit of absorbed dose equal to 1/1000 of a rad mrad millirad The equivalent dose was calculated to be 300 mSv. The product of the mean absorbed dose in an organ or tissue and the radiation weighting factor (w_R )of the radiation type of interest equivalent dose The total dose was administered in five dose fractions. The absorbed radiation dose administered in a single one of a series comprising a fractionated radiation exposure dose fraction Penetrating ionizing radiation, both particulate and electromagnetic, that originates in outer space cosmic radiation Galactic cosmic radiation is one of the principal sources of radiation dose outside low-earth orbit Galactic cosmic radiation consists of high-energy charged particles originating from outside the solar system galactic cosmic radiation Solar cosmic radiation contributes to the radiation dose to humans in space. Solar cosmic radiation is high-energy charged particles that originate from the sun. solar cosmic radiation The dose rate was 0.5 mGy/min. The measurement datum representing a dose to an organism or object per unit time. dose rate The Apollo spacecraft took 24 astronauts to the Moon between 1968 and 1972. Vehicles, crewed or uncrewed, which are designed to orbit about the Earth or another celestial body or be placed into a trajectory to another celestial body or location in space. NASA Thesaurus, 1988 spacecraft a self-contained unit of a spacecraft spacecraft module ISS module The experiment was conducted in the International Space Station module Columbus The experiment was conducted on the Russian module of the ISS. A self-contained unit of the International Space Station. international space station module Mir was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, operated by the Soviet Union and later by Russia. A spacecraft capable of supporting a human crew in orbit for an extended period of time. It lacks major propulsion or landing systems. Stations must have docking ports to allow other spacecraft to dock to transfer crew and supplies. Wikipedia space station The HIMAC accelerator has a beamline dedicated for radiation biology experiments. The path leading from a particle accelerator to an experimental station used in experiments in particle physics, materials science, chemistry, and molecular biology, or in irradiation tests or to produce isotopes. Wikipedia particle accelerator beamline Radiation produced by a particle accelerator. particle accelerator radiation Radiation produced by a nuclear reactor. nuclear reactor radiation Cs-137 gamma High energy photons emitted during nuclear decay of the Cesium-137 isotope. Cs-137 cesium-137 gamma radiation Co-60 gamma High energy photons emitted during nuclear decay of the Cobalt-60 isotope. Co-60 cobalt-60 gamma radiation Co-57 gamma High energy photons emitted during nuclear decay of the Cobalt-57 isotope. obo:RBO_00000060 Co-57 cobalt-57 gamma radiation Isotopes that exhibit radioactivity and undergo radioactive decay. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D011868 radionuclide A series of radioactive elements from ACTINIUM, atomic number 89, to and including LAWRENCIUM, atomic number 103 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D008671 actinide A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, and atomic number 89. Its principal isotope is 227 and it decays primarily by beta-emission. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D000186 actinium A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, and atomic number 95. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D000576 americium A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cf, atomic number 98, and atomic weight 251. Its valence can be +2 or +3. Californium has medical use as a radiation source for radiotherapy http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D002142 californium A radioactive element of the actinide metals family. It has the atomic symbol Np, and atomic number 93. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D009405 neptunium A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D011005 plutonium A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D013910 thorium A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D014501 uranium UV Electromagnetic radiation with photon energies approximately 3-120 eV. High energy UV radiation can be ioinizing. UV radiation http://son.nasa.gov/tass/content/electrospectrum.htm ultraviolet radiation radioprotector E.G. amifostine. A substance present at the time of irradiation that mitigates or prevents the biological effects of irradiation. Richard T. Hoppe, Theodore Locke Phillips, Mack Roach, Leibel and Phillips Textbook of Radiation Oncology (Third Edition), W.B. Saunders, (2010), ISBN 9781416058977, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4160-5897-7.00093-7. radioprotectant Radionuclide chelators are small organic molecules or in some cases larger peptides that chemically sequester the radionuclide ion by forming a complex that determines the thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness of the radionuclide. radionuclide chelator A co-carcinogen is generally a chemical that promotes the effects of a carcinogen in the production of cancer. In some circumstances exposure to radiation or physical trauma is considered to be co-carcinogenic. co-carcinogen Radiation response modifiers are agents that alter tumor or normal tissue response to radiation, such as radiation sensitizers and radiation protectors. Citrin DE, Mitchell JB. Altering the response to radiation: sensitizers and protectors. Semin Oncol. 2014 Dec;41(6):848-59. doi: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2014.09.013. Epub 2014 Oct 7. PMID: 25499642; PMCID: PMC4270009. radiation response modifier Radiation response modifiers that are peptides. Shaghaghi, Zahra et al. “Potential utility of peptides against damage induced by ionizing radiation.” Future oncology (2021): doi/10.2217/fon-2020-0577 peptide radiation response modifier Radiation response modifiers that are small molecules. small molecule radiation response modifier A person employed or otherwise working in commercial activities where nuclear materials are created, handled or disposed and at risk of occupational radiation exposure. Excludes health workers. Nezahat Hunter, Richard G.E. Haylock, Michael Gillies, Wei Zhang; Extended analysis of solid cancer incidence among the Nuclear Industry Workers in the UK: 1955–2011. Radiat Res 2022; doi: https://doi.org/10.1667/RADE-20-00269.1 nuclear industry worker astronaut military medical professional dentist radiologist The theme or modality of an experimental, theoretical, critical or summative study involving radiation, radioactive materials including their impacts on orgnisms and society. radiobiology investigation radiobiology study type An epidemiological study is the study (scientific, systematic, and data-driven) of the distribution (frequency, pattern) and determinants (causes, risk factors) of health-related states and events (not just diseases) in specified populations (neighborhood, school, city, state, country, global) https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section1.html epidemiological study A study of the impact of radiation on the composition of or processes within the natural or anthropogenic environment. environmental study false A study who endpoint is the lifespan of the organism under investifgation. lifespan study A study of the effect of agents including radiation, seperately or together, on the incidence or type of neoplasia or pre-neoplasia. carcinogenesis study A study in which the structural or processual damage to normal tissue caused by radiation is assessed. Often by histopathology or molecular profiling. tissue damage study A study of the mechanism or effects of radiation on dna damage and its repair. dna damage and repair study A study of the effects of internal or external radiation on cellular or organismal physiology. physiological study A study of the effects of radiation on the integrity, composition and quality of adult, fetal or embryonic anatomical structures. anatomical study A study of the effects of external irradiation on an organism. external exposure study A study of the effects of internal irradiation on an organism where the radiation source is internalised within the body tissues ( eg. by injection), gastrointestinal ( eg gavage), urogenital, auditory or respiratory ( eg instillation or inhalation) systems. internal contamination study A study of the effects of radiation exposure where the exposoure has an internal and external mode of application. mixed exposure route study A study of the effects of external irradiation on an organism where the most of the dose is given in a single or small number of fractions closely in time. acute external exposure study A study of the effects of external irradiation on an organism where the dose is given over a protracted time period either continuously or in many fractions. Often these are lose dose studies. chronic external exposure study A study of the effects of internal irradiation on an organism where the radiation source is internalised within the body tissues ( eg. by injection), gastrointestinal ( eg gavage), urogenital, auditory or respiratory ( eg instillation or inhalation) systems. The dose is delivered over a long period of time, often continuously and generlly at low dose. For example long term Radon exposure by inhalation. chronic internal contamination study A study of the effects of internal irradiation on an organism where the radiation source is internalised within the body tissues ( eg. by injection), gastrointestinal ( eg gavage), urogenital, auditory or respiratory ( eg instillation or inhalation) systems. Most of the dose is given over a short period of time and is generally unfractionated, such as in brachytherapy. acute internal contamination study A study of the effects of radiation exposure where the exposoure has an internal and external mode of application. Acute exposure involves usually a single exposure over a short period of time with no fractionation. acute mixed exposure route study A study of the effects of radiation exposure where the exposoure has an internal and external mode of application. Chronic exposure involves usually a continuous or highly fractionated exposure over a long period of time. chronic mixed exposure route study A study of the effects of radiation on gene expression. gene expression study A study of the effects of radiation on the proteome or individual proteins. proteomics study A study that aims at the discovery of protein, RNA or other molecular entities or modifcations that can act as reliable surrogates for the prediction or measurement of the effects of radiation or the response of the organism to radiation. marker discovery study A study that aims at the discovery, development or assessment of efficacy of therapeutic agents or processes designed to mitigate or cure the effects of radiation exposure. therapeutics study false A study that uses survival as an endpoint. Generally applicable to animal studies rather than human studies which would use the "lifespan" measure (RBO:00000085) survival study A study of the effects of radiation on the metabolome or individual metabolites. metabolomics study A study of the contributing factors consequences and prevention of nuclear accidents nuclear accident study false A study of the toxicity of chemical or biological agents on cells or whole organisms. toxicity study A study of the effects of radiation on the endocrine system or of endocrine hormones on the effects of radiation. endocrine study A study of the effects of radiation on the offspring of an irradiated animal or plant. transgenerational study offspring study A study of the distribution and metabolism orf drugs or biologicals used for therapeutic purposes. pharmacokinetics biokinetics study A set of behaviours that have some socially agreed upon function and for which there is an accepted code of norms. This may refer to a role within an organisation or within society as a whole. For example a Profession” can be defined as a cluster of occupational roles, or roles in which the incumbents perform certain functions valued in the organisation or society. occupational role Neutrons or charged particles, such as protons or alpha particles that produce ionizing events densely spaced on a molecular scale (e.g., >10 keV-micron^[-1]. NCRP https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf NCIT:C17052 high linear energy transfer radiation X and gamma rays or light charged particles such as electrons that produce sparse ionizing events far apart on a molecular scale. NCRP https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf NCIT:C17052 low LET low-LET low linear energy transfer radiation Electromagnetic radiation having sufficient energy to remove one or more electrons from an atom ionizing electromagnetic radiation radiation dosimeter A device that is used to measure the amount of ionizing radiation exposure or absorption. radiation dosimeter NCIT NCIT:C150121 dosimeter radiation dosimeter device Particle or electromagnetic radiation with sufficient energy to liberate one or more electrons from an atom. ionising radiation NCIT:C17052 ionising radiation ionizing radiation charged particle Charged particles with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means (such as by a particle accelerator) charged particle NCIT:C18982 charged particle radiation NCIT:C19015 risk estimate NCIT:C19662 lifetime risk estimate electromagnetic radiation with photon energies greater than approximately 100 keV http://son.nasa.gov/tass/content/electrospectrum.htm NCIT:C44386 gamma radiation A device used to impart kinetic energy to subatomic particles by means of electric and magnetic fields NCIT:C94854 particle accelerator A device in which nuclear fission may be initiated and controlled in a self-sustaining chain reaction to generate energy or produce useful radiation. MESH:D009688 nuclear reactor GO:0008150 biological process false GO:0009987 cellular process false Atomic nuclei, each with 8 protons and 8 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator O-16 ion radiation Atomic nuclei, each with 18 protons and 22 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator Ar-40 ion radiation Atomic nuclei, each with 22 protons and 26 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator Ti-48 ion radiation Atomic nuclei, each with 36 protons and 48 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator Kr-84 ion radiation Atomic nuclei, each with 41 protons and 52 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator Nb-93 ion radiation Atomic nuclei, each with 47 protons and 60 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator Ag-107 ion radiation Atomic nuclei, each with 54 protons and 75 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator Xe-129 ion radiation Atomic nuclei, each with 73 protons and 108 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator Ta-181 ion radiation Atomic nuclei, each with 79 protons and 118 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator Au-197 ion radiation Atomic nuclei, each with 7 protons and 7 neutrons with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means such as by a particle accelerator N-14 ion radiation The process by which an entity is exposed to electromagnetic or acoustic radiation radiation energy internally or externally. 0000-0002-5111-7263 Irradiation radiation exposure Unplanned exposure to radiation of any type in any environment or otherwise planned process. 0000-0002-5111-7263 Accidental irradiation accidental radiation exposure Planned exposure of an entity to radiation of any type, for example as part of a medical or experimental procedure with the intention of exposing the entity to radiation energy internally or externally. 0000-0002-5111-7263 Planned irradiation planned radiation exposure Planned exposure of an organism to radiation of any type, internally or externally, with the intention to effect a diagnosis of disease. 0000-0002-5111-7263 Diagnostic irradiation medical diagnostic radiation exposure Exposure to naturally occurring radiation (NORM) of any type in any environment . 0000-0002-5111-7263 Environmental irradiation exposure to naturally ocurring radioactive material Planned exposure of an organism to radiation of any type, internally or externally, with the intention to effect a cure or mitigation of disease. 0000-0002-5111-7263 Therapeutic irradiation medical therapeutic radiation exposure Unplanned exposure to anthropogenic radiation of any type in any environment ; for example radiation from nuclear waste, nuclear industry discharge or weapons. 0000-0002-5111-7263 Accidental man-made radiation exposure accidental non-medical anthropogenic radiation exposure Exposure to ionising radiation created by a man-made machine or exposure to a fixed source. For example a cobalt source, an X ray machine, an acceleratororf a nucler weapon. 0000-0002-5111-7263 Exposure to human generated radiation anthropogenic radiation exposure Planned exposure to radiation generated through a device or exposure to a source emitting ionising radiation 0000-0002-5111-7263 planned anthropogenic radiation exposure Accidental or incidental exposure to radiation from a man made process or machine. Covers both radiation accidents and routine occupational exposure. 0000-0002-5111-7263 accidental anthropogenic radiation exposure Accidental exposure occurring during medical therapy or diagnostics, for example medical radiation accidents or overdoses. 0000-0002-5111-7263 accidental medical anthropogenic radiation exposure Incidental exposure to naturally occurring radiation in a natural or anthropogenic environment, such as geographical areas with high background levels of radiation or specific locations such as Uranium mines. 0000-0002-5111-7263 unplanned naturally occurring radiation exposure false Deliberate or knowing exposure to naturally occurring radiation in a natural or anthropogenic environment, such as a radon spa. 0000-0002-5111-7263 planned naturally occurring radiation exposure Studies relating to human society and the interrelation of social and educational factors with individual thought and behaviour including mental illness. 0000-0002-5111-7263 social and psychosocial study Studies on the distribution of information or opinion by technological means of communication that reach large numbers of people. 0000-0002-5111-7263 http://purl.biolontology.org/ontology/CSP/1580-0981 mass media study Studies on the civil, legal, and political preparedness for accidental or deliberate release of radioactive materials or radiation into the environment. 0000-0002-5111-7263 preparedness study Studies in which research is conducted with human subjects or on material of human origin in which the investigator directly interacts with human subjects, including the dveelopment of new technologies, understanding of the mechanisms of disease, therapy, clinical trials, epidemiology behaviousrand health services research. 0000-0002-5111-7263 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/CSP/4006-0105 clinical study Study of the laws, statutes, ordinances, government or international treaty regulations or authoritative guidelines, as well as for legal controversy and court decisions, relating to the regulation of radiation safety, movement and containment of radioactive materials and the consequences for human health or the natural environment of radioactive contamination. 0000-0002-5111-7263 legal and governance study Studies relating to organisations and processes concerned with freedom from or resilience towards potential harm caused by hostile intent or circumstances (for example terrorism and illegal release of radioactive substances or radiation) towards the natural environment or human population, and the enforcement of relevant laws and international treaties. 0000-0002-5111-7263 security and law enforcement study A study whose intention is to discover knowledge concerning the origins, nature diagnosis or therapy for neoplastic disease and cancer. This includes studies in humans, model organisms, the laboratory and in silico. This class includes experimental and epidemiological studies specifically aimed at cancer. 0000-0002-5111-7263 cancer study The specific manner, characteristic, pattern of application, or the employment of any technology, approach or formal procedure to implement the study plan to generate a study type. 0000-0002-5111-7263 study modality Studies of the presence of radiation of any type in the natural or anthropogenic environment and its impact on animals, plants, and microorganisms. This includes studies measuring nuclide transfer in the environment, and interaction with meteorological phenomena. This excludes occupational exposure and the human working environment. 0000-0002-5111-7263 environmental study Studies concerned with the regulation, monitoring and operation of the nuclear industry. For example nuclear power station and reprocessing plants, isotope purification and manufactore, weapons manufacture and testing. This includes occupation health studies, impact of accidental or deliberate release on the natural or man made environment and impact on organisms specifically affected directly or indirectly by contamination. 0000-0002-5111-7263 nuclear industry study Research done in a laboratory. A laboratory study may use special equipment and cells or animals to investigate the effects of an experimental perturbation, discover fundamental molecular mechanisms, assay biological substances, or find out if a drug, procedure, or treatment is likely to be useful in humans. A laboratory investigation is often characterised by a hypothesis and is carried out with controls. 0000-0002-5111-7263 http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/Thesaurus.owl#C28278 laboratory study Study of the status or origins of a mental position, feeling or emotion toward a fact or state with respect to information or experience concerning radiation, radiation safety or ethicolegal constructs surrounding radiation and radiation safety and regulation. 0000-0002-5111-7263 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/CSP/2482-9501 attitudinal study Study concerning exchange or transmission of thoughts, messages, or information between people or between authorities and the general public (for example educational information, risk communication, safety communication) concerning exposure to and use of radiation. 0000-0002-5111-7263 communication study A study focussed on a set of people with some shared characteristic. The substance of shared element varies widely, from geography to a situation to interest to lives and values. The term is widely used to evoke sense of collectivity. For example communities collectively exposed to radioactive environmental contamination. 0000-0002-5111-7263 community study The study of political involvement in radiation and nuclear regulation, military use, and safety as shown by inclusion in political manifestos and messaging by established or informal groups and its impact on voting patterns and democracy. 0000-0002-5111-7263 political and psephological study A study measuring "psychological" aspects of a person such as knowledge, skills, abilities, attitudes, or personality using defined scales. 0000-0002-5111-7263 psychometric study A study of human or animal activity, in terms of motivation, direction, result, emotion, perception, or etiology. 0000-0002-5111-7263 behavioural study A study dealing with group relationships, patterns of collective behavior, and social organization. 0000-0002-5111-7263 sociological study Studies involving fields of inquiry into human constructs and concerns as opposed to natural processes . These are traditionally the study of literature, philosophy, and religion. Included in this definition are sociological studies, especially those concerned with the social impact of the humanities. 0000-0002-5111-7263 social science and humanities study Specifically an attitudinal study looking at how perception, for example of risk, and expectations affect behaviour. 0000-0002-5111-7263 perceptions, expectations and behaviours study Sociological, attitudinal, ethocolegal and regulatory approaches to governance of radiation and radioactive substance use. 0000-0002-5111-7263 holistic approaches to governance study Studies on policy concerning socially and ethically responsible research and innovation 0000-0002-5111-7263 responsible research and innovation study Studies of the engagement between an organisational entity and those groups or individuals potentially or actually impacted by the actions of that entity over a range of activities and approaches. 0000-0002-5111-7263 stakeholder engagement study Study concerning the modes, efficacy and response to communication of risk and health impacts of radiation in all aspects. 0000-0002-5111-7263 risk and health communication study Studies concenring the attitudes to and practices of radiological protection in defined groups of people. For example the nuclear industry of a country or within a specific laboratory. 0000-0002-5111-7263 radiological protection culture study Genetic study done at the population level or among population groups, generally to find the cause, incidence or spread of a disease or to see the response to a treatment, nutrition or environment. 0000-0002-5111-7263 http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/Thesaurus.owl#C16160 genetic population study A type of study in which participants are enrolled into the study before they develop the disease or outcome in question. 0000-0002-5111-7263 http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/Thesaurus.owl#C142646 prospective study Observational studies which include an organized system that uses observational methods to collect uniform data (clinical and other) prospectively for a population defined by a particular disorder/disease, condition (including susceptibility to a disorder), or exposure (including products, health care services, and/or procedures) and that serves a predetermined scientific, clinical, or policy purpose. Patient registries may be single purpose or on-going data collection programs that address one or more questions. (AHRQ) An observational study that is also considered to be a Patient Registry. 0000-0002-5111-7263 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C129000 registry study A study looking backwards in time using observations collected predominantly prior to subject selection and enrolment 0000-0002-5111-7263 retrospective study A study of the number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. this class also includes PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases in the population at a given time. 0000-0002-5111-7263 incidence or prevalence study Studies concerning the optimisation of situation awareness through gathering and analysing information, and methodologies for making decisions on that awareness, such as estimating the path of a radioactive fallout with respect to weather and population density and making a decision to evacuate a population. 0000-0002-5111-7263 situation awareness and decision support study A study concerning the protection of the population from unexpected radioactive discharge or contamination, such as a dirty bomb, and civil safetyy coningency plans, such as deployment of emergency services and evacuation. 0000-0002-5111-7263 civil protection study Studies on planning for unexpected natural or man-made radiological catastrophe of substantial extent causing significant property damage or destruction, loss of life or sometimes permanent changes to the natural environment. Broader scope than civil protection as may relate to livestock, food and water shortage, disease outbreak and extensive traumas caused by precipitating or consequential damage. 0000-0002-5111-7263 disaster planning study Studies on plannig for or analysing a nuclear accident with release of airborn or waterborn contamination into the environment. Narrower than Disaster planning study but may be used to qualify an annotation to Disaster planning study if the source of contamination is a nuclear accident. A nuclear accident is not necessarily a disaster. 0000-0002-5111-7263 nuclear accident study A controlled study designed to assess the safety and efficacy of new drugs, devices, treatments, or preventive measures in humans by comparing two or more interventions or regimens 0000-0002-5111-7263 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/CSP/0690-6917 clinical trial study Study of the effects of radiation used in a medical therapeutic or diagnostic context. Inlcudes radiation accidents in this context, excludes occupational exposure for health professionals. 0000-0002-5111-7263 medical radiological safety study A study concerned with health and safety policy development, implementation and practice in the workplace including investigating accidents at work, and chronic occupational exposure. Includes monitoring compliance with health and safety legislation and study of the promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment. 0000-0002-5111-7263 occupational health study Study on the efficacy, outcomes and adverse consequences of exposure to medical diagnostic procedures using internal or external irradiation. 0000-0002-5111-7263 radiation based diagnostics study Study of the efficacy, outcomes and adverse consequences of exposure to therapeutic use of ionizing and nonionizing radiation including RADIONUCLIDE THERAPY, therapeutic radiation with visible, laser, or ultraviolet light. Includes technical development of protocols and equipment. 0000-0002-5111-7263 radiotherapy study A study involvingdevelopment of agents or procedures intended to produce an effect that is intended to mitigate or stop a pathologic process. 0000-0002-5111-7263 therapeutics study A study of the macroscopic and microscopic anatomical changes in diseased tissue. 0000-0002-5111-7263 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/CSP/1448-3909 histopathologic study Study of legal and statutory instruments and legislation designed to regulate the safety, use and transport of radioactive materials, release of such materials into the environment, or external radiation. 0000-0002-5111-7263 radiation legislation study Study of the policy approaches and their implementation concerned with harmonising regulatory guidelines and legislation dealing with radiation and radioactive substances between legislatures, generally internationally. 0000-0002-5111-7263 regulatory harmonisation study Study of the development, implementation and monitoring of nuclear non proliferation treaties between states. 0000-0002-5111-7263 nuclear proliferation treaty study Studies concerning intentional release of organisms (germs), toxic chemicals, or radioactive substances with intent to harm or kill people or the environment, or to inflict panic within a population. 0000-0002-5111-7263 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/CSP/5000-0002 bioterrorism study Study of strategies and their implementation towards defence against radiation used as a weapon conducted by military powers and institutions. May also include civil defence where the military has a significant operational role, but not disaster preparedness. 0000-0002-5111-7263 military defence study Study of biological processes that involve adding/removing chemical moieties to/from DNA, including methylation, phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, etc. Includes interventional DNA modification. 0000-0002-5111-7263 dna modification study Study of biological processes that involve adding/removing chemical moieties to/from histones, including methylation, acetylation,phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, etc. 0000-0002-5111-7263 histone modification study Study conducted by means of structured or unstructured interviews of persons of interest. 0000-0002-5111-7263 interview study A study of genetic variation and the inheritance of a trait or traits within a population or an individual including examination of genetic material for the presence or absence of cytogenetic or molecular genetic abnormalities. 0000-0002-5111-7263 genetic study A radiographic study used to evaluate a specific anatomic location for a specific purpose. This may include the assessment of imaging modalities and the development of new techniques. Includes PET, MRI, CT and related techniques. 0000-0002-5111-7263 imaging study Study concerned with the construction, analysis, evaluation, refinement etc. of mathematical or statistical models of the properties or behaviour of a set of entities, such as molecules, physiological processes, environmental processes such as nuclide transfer, such that functions are developed to reliably predict the behaviour of those entities. 0000-0002-5111-7263 mathematical modelling study A study usually conducted in a laboratory where non human animals are used to model aspects of a disease process or its therapy to provide insights into human biology or pathobiology. 0000-0002-5111-7263 model organism study Study concerning the development, use, calibration or standardisation of technologies for the qualitative or quantitative measurement of radiation and radionuclides. 0000-0002-5111-7263 monitoring technologies and metrology study Study of the chemistry of radioactive materials including radioactive tracer studies of metabolic processes 0000-0002-5111-7263 radiochemistry study Study of the development and implementation of public policy towards issues involving radiation 0000-0002-5111-7263 policy development study Study of the effects of acoustic radiation on cellular and organismal physiology and the effects of acoustic radiation emitted in response to exposure to ionising radiation. 0000-0002-5111-7263 acoustic radiation study Study of radiation levels and effects in the human built environment. 0000-0002-5111-7263 environmental study_ abiotic_anthropogenic Study of radiation levels and effects in the natural environment. 0000-0002-5111-7263 natural environment study The development and use of mathematical models and systems analysis for the description of naturally occurring non-human populations, and applications to measuring the effects of radiological contamination. 0000-0002-5111-7263 ecological population modelling study The study of environmental contamination with radiation and radioactive substances and the toxic effects on the ecosystem either through chemical toxicity or radiation exposure. 0000-0002-5111-7263 ecotoxicology study The study of environmental contamination with radon and the toxic effects on biota including humans. Both natural and anthropogenic environments. Includes radiometrics, safety policies and mitigation technologies. 0000-0002-5111-7263 environmental radon study Mathematical modelling of radionuclide transfer and dispersal processes in water, earth or air, either directly or through the mediation of biota. 0000-0002-5111-7263 radionuclide dispersal modelling study Study of the ocurrence, levels and effects of naturally occurring radioactive materials such as Radon. 0000-0002-5111-7263 naturally occurring radioactive materials study Study involving the measurement of radiation levels, or concentration of radionuclides, in the natural or man made environment. Usually in a time series. 0000-0002-5111-7263 environmental radiation monitoring study Study concerned with the measurement of transfer of radionuclides to biota from the environment. 0000-0002-5111-7263 environmental radionuclide transfer study Any study concenrd with the prevalence or effects on non-ionising radiations such as UV, acoustic, or RF. 0000-0002-5111-7263 non ionising electromagnetic radiation study Study concerning the safety, regulation, activities and engineering of nuclear installations including power stations, waste processing plant, radionuclide generation and purification plant, and military nuclear establishments. May include occupational health studies if broader than just occupationaal health in scope. 0000-0002-5111-7263 nuclear installation study Study of the process of generation of nuclear waste, its monitoring, regulation, disposal and inadvertent discharge. 0000-0002-5111-7263 nuclear waste study Study of the engineering of nuclear installations such as power plants. 0000-0002-5111-7263 nuclear engineering study Study of the process, regulation and monitoring of mines where exposure to naturally occurring radiation presents an occupational hazard for workers or the process itself, for example run off water or spoil, constitutes an environmental hazard. 0000-0002-5111-7263 mining study A study using cells derived from an organism grown in artificial culture medium in a laboratory with the aim of understanding some aspect(s) of cell physiology, genetics or behaviour, generally as part of the testing of an hypothesis but also for diagnostic intent. 0000-0002-5111-7263 cell culture study A study using an organ, part of an organ or an organoid culture, derived from an organism and grown in artificial culture medium in a laboratory with the aim of understanding some aspect(s) of cell physiology, genetics or behaviour, generally as part of the testing of an hypothesis but also for diagnostic intent. The system differs from cell culture in the generation or maintenance of multiple cell types with the spatial and functional relationship between them derived from or reflecting the normal organisation in vivo. 0000-0002-5111-7263 organ culture study Any study involving the manipulation, measurement, or characterisation of DNA or RNA in a cell or organism. 0000-0002-5111-7263 molecular genetic study Elucidation of the physical structure of a macromolecule, protein, carbohydrate, DNA or RNA, its analysis and manipulation based on structure/function considerations. 0000-0002-5111-7263 molecular structural study A study using an intact organism, plant, animal, or microorganism 0000-0002-5111-7263 whole organism study Study of the cellular phenomenon which radiation energy is not been directly deposited in cells by transfer of medium, proximity/justaposition, or other means, but results in their behaving as if they had been irradiated. 0000-0002-5111-7263 bystander effect study A study of heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence. This may be in intact organisms or in cells and includes population analysis of epigenetic phenomena and molecular analysis of gene expression and epigenetic modifications of chromatin such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation. 0000-0002-5111-7263 epigenetic study Study of the frequency of induction , nature and consequences of the production of genetic or epigenetic alterations by any technique, including chemicals, radiation, recombination, or other molecular biology methods. 0000-0002-5111-7263 mutagenesis study Studies of the status or origins of a mental position, feeling or emotion toward a fact or state with respect to information or experience concerning radiation, radiation safety or regulation of the nuclear industries. 0000-0002-5111-7263 attitudinal study of nuclear industry risk perception Studies of the status or origins of a mental position, feeling or emotion toward a fact or state with respect to information or experience concerning radiation, radiation safety or ecological integrity towards natural or anthropogenic ionising radiation in the environment. 0000-0002-5111-7263 attitudinal study towards ionising radiation in the environment Studies of the status or origins of a mental position, feeling or emotion toward a fact or state with respect to information or experience concerning radiation, radiation safety or ecological integrity towards natural or anthropogenic non-ionising radiation in the natural environment. 0000-0002-5111-7263 attitudinal study towards non-ionising radiation in the environment Studies of the status or origins of a mental position, feeling or emotion toward a fact or state with respect to information or experience concerning radiation, radiation safety and efficacy in a clinical context where radiation is used for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.. 0000-0002-5111-7263 attitudinal study towards medical radiation procedures Studies of the status or origins of a mental position, feeling or emotion toward a fact or state with respect to information or experience concerning radiation, radiation safety towards natural or anthropogenic non-ionising radiation in the occupational environment. 0000-0002-5111-7263 attitudinal study towards radiation in the occupational environment Study of social and individual trust in the position and activities of legal or other competent advisory or regulatory authorities. 0000-0002-5111-7263 authority trust study Study on the modality, efficacy and responses to communcation of information or advice to populations or individuals, on the safety and risks of exposure to ionising radiation in any context. 0000-0002-5111-7263 risk communication study Study on the modality, efficacy and responses to communication of information or advice to populations or individuals, on the safety and risks of exposure to ionising radiation in any context. 0000-0002-5111-7263 public communication study Study on the modality, efficacy and responses to communication of information or advice to populations on any aspect of radiation, conceived of as an educational programme, and including a wider scope than just safety and risk. For example basic nuclear physics, emergency action advice. 0000-0002-5111-7263 public education study Study involving attitudes, health status, social organisation of defined communities identified by common characteristics such as occupation type, geography, gender identity, with respect to radiation. 0000-0002-5111-7263 social affairs and community health study Studies involving creation and assessment of plans for the future physical arrangement, well being, efficiency and condition of a community. It may have the goals of improving health, promoting efficiency in the provision of services and resources on a comprehensive basis for a whole community. In the context of radiation this may be concerned with community planning for dealing with mitigation measures for local NORM, or organised community-wide continegency measures for nuclear accident or recovery from such. 0000-0002-5111-7263 community planning study Study concerned with eliciting information in a structured way concerning issues of interest from members of a community defined by common characteristics, for example occupation, geographical location, personal history or gender. 0000-0002-5111-7263 community survey study A study concerned with human or animal activity, in terms of motivation, direction, result, emotion, perception, or etiology at the level of slected individuals. May be carried out by observation or as individual responses to a questioannaire or interview in the case of humans where the person records their own assessment of their behaviour. 0000-0002-5111-7263 individual behaviour study A study concerned with human or animal activity, in terms of motivation, direction, result, emotion, perception, or etiology within substantial populations of individuals. Likely to be carried out by mass observation or indirect inference. 0000-0002-5111-7263 population behaviour study Mathematical modelling for theraputic regime optimisation and for optimal tumor response, for example modelling spatiotemporal dynamics of tumor and blood volume fraction, and predicting response to radiation therapy. Also studies for beam modelling and multiimaging techniques. 0000-0002-5111-7263 radiotherapeutic modelling study Study of the radiolonuclide components and emissions from building materials 0000-0002-5111-7263 building materials radiological safety study Studies on radiological safety within buildings. Primary purpose os for buildings not specifially designed to hold radioactive materials but anaylyis and mitigation of risks from radioactive exposure from the local environment or materials. 0000-0002-5111-7263 building radiological safety study Study of the weather and atmospheric dynamics mainly with respect to dissemination of radionuclides. 0000-0002-5111-7263 meteorology study Study of non-living objects in the environment, such as soils or rocks. 0000-0002-5111-7263 environmental study_abiotic Study of non-human biota in the natural environment. 0000-0002-5111-7263 environmental study_biota ( non human) Study which may include human and non-human biota in the environment. 0000-0002-5111-7263 environmental study_panbiota (all) Study of the measurement, effects and regulation of wireless communication signals, for example mobile phone radiation and microwave communication. 0000-0002-5111-7263 wireless communication radiation study The sample was irradiated with Cs-137 gamma ray photons. Photons having energies that are greater than tens of thousands of electron volts (eV). Britannica.com gamma ray photon The sample was irradiated with x-ray photons. A photon with energies from about 100 eV (electron volts) to 1 MeV (million electron volts). Britannica.com x-ray photon Irradiation of the sample was with x-ray photons. An energy transfer process in which energy in the form of particles or waves is transferred from one entity to another 0000-0003-1741-8297 Jack Miller obo:RBO_0002000 irradiation false A process involving the emission of energy from an atomic nucleus resulting in change in the character of the nucleus radioactive decay Irradiation that is not the result of a planned process unplanned irradiation Unplanned irradiation that is of anthropogenic origin unplanned anthropogenic irradiation Unplanned irradiation that is non-anthropogenic in origin unplanned naturally occurring radiation exposure Environmental monitoring that includes continual assay for radiation dose or quality. environmental radiation monitoring Monitoring within an environment which was not man-made. natural environment monitoring Monitoring within a man-made or constructed environment anthropogenic environment monitoring Monitoring for radiation dose or quality within a man-made or constructed environment such as a building or a vehicle. anthropogenic environment radiation monitoring Monitoring for radiation dose or quality within a natural environment. natural environment radiation monitoring A type of ionizing radiation consisting of charged particles that are relatively massive compared to other types of radiation, such as alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. Heavy ion radiation is composed of atomic nuclei that have been stripped of their electrons, resulting in positively charged particles. Heavy ion radiation has several notable characteristics and contexts: High Linear Energy Transfer (LET): Heavy ion radiation has a high linear energy transfer, which means it deposits a significant amount of energy per unit path length as it travels through tissue. This characteristic can lead to more localized and potentially more damaging effects on cells and tissues. Enhanced Biological Effectiveness: Due to its high LET, heavy ion radiation in many cases has enhanced biological effectiveness, meaning it can cause more severe biological damage per unit of absorbed dose compared to other types of radiation. Space Radiation: Heavy ions are a component of the galactic cosmic radiation present in space. In common use, the distinction between heavy ions and light ions is somewhat flexible and context dependent. For example, "heavy" is sometimes used to refer to any ion heavier than a helium nucleus or even a proton; in practice the dividing line between light and heavy lies around atomic numbers 6-10. heavy ion radiation Atomic nuclei, variously defined as having atomic number 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means light ion radiation A particle with a positive or negative electric charge charged particle An atomic nucleus with 26 protons and 30 neutrons Fe-56 ion;Fe-56 nucleus;Fe-56 Iron-56 nucleus An atomic nucleus with 14 protons and 14 neutrons Si-28 ion;Si-28 nucleus;Si-28 Silicon-28 nucleus An atomic nucleus with 6 protons and 6 neutrons C-12 ion;C-12 nucleus;C-12 Carbon-12 nucleus An atomic nucleus with 2 protons and 2 neutrons He-4 ion;He-4 nucleus;He-4 Helium-4 nucleus An atomic nucleus with 10 protons and 10 neutrons Ne-20 ion;Ne-20 nucleus;Ne-20 Neon-20 nucleus space flight Activity carried out by crewed or robotic vehicles outside the Earth's atmmosphere. spaceflight Space flight space flight The amount of energy from any type of ionizing radiation deposited in a specified mass of any medium. Jack Miller absorbed radiation dose The amount of energy from any type of ionizing radiation deposited in a specified mass of any medium per unit time. Jack Miller absorbed radiation dose rate The kinetic energy carried by a particle or photon of ionizing radiation. Jack Miller ionizing radiation energy x-ray Electromagnetic radiation with photon energies approximately between 0.1 and 120 keV. The upper end of the x-ray spectrum overlaps with the lower end of the gamma ray spectrum. Jack Miller x-ray http://son.nasa.gov/tass/content/electrospectrum.htm x-ray radiation A material entity which emits radiation Jack Miller radiation source sham irradiation Sham irradiation refers to a procedure in which participants or subjects in an experiment are exposed to simulated radiation, mimicking precisely the conditions of actual irradiation. The purpose of using sham irradiation is to create a control group that experiences the non-specific effects of the experimental setup, while excluding the specific effects associated with radiation exposure. Jack Miller sham sham irradiation fractionation protocol A protocol for administering a total radiation dose in two or more increments separated by a specified time interval Jack Miller fractionation protocol radiation fractionation protocol cis-lunar space The region of space between the Earth and the Moon Jack Miller cis-lunar space lunar orbit A region of space defined by a regular, repeating path of a specified object about Earth's moon Jack Miller lunar orbit lunar surface The area of the lunar landmass exposed to space Jack Miller lunar surface cis-Mars space The region of space between the Earth and Mars Jack Miller cis-mars space Mars orbit A region of space defined by a regular, repeating path of a specified object about Mars Jack Miller mars orbit Mars surface The area of the Mars landmass exposed to the Martian atmosphere Jack Miller mars surface interplanetary space The region of space in the Solar System between planets Jack Miller interplanetary space planet surface The outermost solid or liquid area of a planet Jack Miller planet surface non-irradiated An organism or material entity kept unexposed to radiation, for purposes of comparison to a similar organism or material entity that has been exposed to radiation Jack Miller non-irradiated ground analog experiment A study at a ground facility designed so as to replicate one or more conditions in space (e.g. radiation, microgravity, isolation) Jack Miller ground analog ground analog study ground control An study at a ground facility designed so as to replicate conditions in space (e.g. radiation, microgravity, isolation) with the exception of one condition, so as to ascertain the effects of that condition on an organism or instrument Jack Miller ground control ground control study irradiation protocol A protocol for administering radiation to a sample Jack Miller irradiation protocol radiation fraction One of the series of individual doses administered to a sample in a fractionated irradiation. Jack Miller fraction radiation fraction radiation fraction interval Time between fractions in a fractionated irradiation. Jack Miller radiation fraction interval high altitude The region of the atmosphere above 8000 feet above sea level. Altitudes above 12000 feet are sometimes referred to as very high altitude, and above 18000 feet as extremely high altitude. Jack Miller https://www.medicinenet.com/high_altitude/definition.htm high altitude sham The class should be used in cases where it is clear that the control sample was treated in precisely the same way as the experimental samples or sham irradiation is specified. It is therefore a more restricted quality definition than "non-irradiated". It is likely to be used more often with external radiation exposure or exposure to a beam, and with a biological rather than abiotic sample. A quality of a biotic or abiotic sample or individual which is part of an experiment that tests the effects of radiation on organisms or materials by isolating variables as dictated by the scientific method in order to make a conclusion about the effect of such variables. In sham irradiation the precise treatment of the sample must be identical to that of the experimental samples and should be made explicit in the description of the method. Jack Miller sham-irradiated parabolic flight An aircraft which flies a series of parabolic arcs to simulate micrgravity. Jack Miller Vomit Comet parabolic flight aircraft An aircraft which flies at altitudes greater than commercial aircraft altitudes for research purposes. Jack Miller high altitude research aircraft UAV An research aircraft designed to operate without crew members, either autonomously or under control from a ground station Jack Miller UAV uncrewed aerial vehicle HZE Fully ionized atomic nucleus with 2 or more protons and energies in excess of tens of MeV per nucleon Jack Miller HZE highly charged energetic nuclei highly charged energetic nucleus A study of a response to radiation conditioned by prior administration of radiation of a different type and/or at a different dose or dose rate Jack Miller adaptive adaptive radiation response study The total dose administered in a series of radiation fractions divided by the elapsed time between the beginning of the first exposure fraction and the end of the last exposure fraction Jack Miller average fractionated dose rate A device which exposes samples to gamma radiation. Jack Miller gamma irradiator charge The electric charge of a particle used in an irradiation Jack Miller particle charge The measurement of the amount of radiation taken up by a sample. Jack Miller radiation dosimetry A microbeam is a narrow beam of radiation, of micrometer or sub-micrometer dimensions. Together with integrated imaging techniques, microbeams allow precisely defined quantities of damage to be introduced at precisely defined locations. Jack Miller Wikipedia microbeam An atomic nucleus with 41 protons and 52 neutrons Nb-93 ion;Nb-93 nucleus;Nb-93 Niobium-93 nucleus An atomic nucleus with 47 protons and 60 neutrons Ag-107 ion;Ag-107 nucleus;Ag-107 Silver-107 nucleus An atomic nucleus with 54 protons and 75 neutrons Xe-129 ion;Xe-129 nucleus;Xe-129 Xenon-129 nucleus An atomic nucleus with 73 protons and 108 neutrons Ta-181 ion;Ta-181 nucleus;Ta-181 Tantalum-181 nucleus An atomic nucleus with 79 protons and 118 neutrons Au-197 ion;Au-197 nucleus;Au-197 Gold-197 nucleus An atomic nucleus with 7 protons and 7 neutrons N-14 ion;N-14 nucleus;N-14 Nitrogen-14 nucleus An atomic nucleus with 8 protons and 8 neutrons O-16 ion;O-16 nucleus;O-16 Oxygen-16 nucleus An atomic nucleus with 18 protons and 22 neutrons Ar-40 ion;Ar-40 nucleus;Ar-40 Argon-40 nucleus An atomic nucleus with 22 protons and 26 neutrons Ti-48 ion;Ti-48 nucleus;Ti-48 Titanium-48 nucleus An atomic nucleus with 36 protons and 48 neutrons Kr-84 ion;Kr-84 nucleus;Kr-84 Krypton-84 nucleus mGy/sec A derived absorbed dose unit which is equal to one milligray absorbed per second mGy/sec UO:0010065 miligray per second false Indirect cellular response to stimulus This could be used to describe a tissue response to immune stimulation, so for example an IL2 response of endothelial cells in response to lymphocytes stimulated by pathogen. Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus which acts on another cell and not on the responding cell. The process begins with detection of the stimulus by a cell and ends with a change in state or activity of a different cell Paul Schofield indirect cellular response to stimulus The most obvious example is the bystander effect ( Carmel Mothersill, Andrej Rusin, Cristian Fernandez-Palomo & Colin Seymour (2018) History of bystander effects research 1905-present; what is in a name?, International Journal of Radiation Biology, 94:8, 696-707, DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1398436) where a naive cell behaves as if it has been irradiated because of its communication with an irradiated cell. It may also be used to describe the abscopal effect. Note that abscopal effects have been noted for ionising and non-ionising ( RF) radiation, eg. L?ffler MW. et al. . A Non-interventional Clinical Trial Assessing Immune Responses After Radiofrequency Ablation of Liver Metastases From Colorectal Cancer. Front Immunol. 2019 Nov 19;10:2526. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02526. PMID: 31803175; PMCID: PMC6877671 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of radiation acting on another cell and not on the responding cell. The process begins with detection of radiation by a cell or cells and ends with a change in state or activity of a different cell or cells. Paul Schofield indirect cellular response to radiation Directly describes the bystander effect (Carmel Mothersill, Andrej Rusin, Cristian Fernandez-Palomo & Colin Seymour (2018) History of bystander effects research 1905-present; what is in a name?, International Journal of Radiation Biology, 94:8, 696-707, DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1398436) but can alo sbe used to describe phenomena related to the abscopal effect, manifest in whole organisms where irradiation of one part of the organism causes changes in another un-irradiated component. Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of exposure to ionising radiation which acts on another cell and not on the responding cell. The process begins with detection of the ionising radiation by one cell or cells and ends with a change in state or activity of a different cell or cells. Paul Schofield indirect cellular response to ionising radiation A device for exposing materials or biological organisms to ionizing radiation for research or therapeutic purposes. ionizing radiation device High-altitude balloons are crewed or uncrewed balloons, usually filled with helium or hydrogen, that are released into the stratosphere, generally attaining between 18 and 37 km (11 and 23 mi; 59,000 and 121,000 ft) above sea level. Jack Miller Wikipedia high-altitude balloon spaceflight Travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere Jack Miller space flight non-targeted effects of ionising radiation Non-targeted effects of ionising radiation are characterised by cellular responses that occur in cells in which energy from ionizing radiation has not been deposited. The distinct classes of non-targeted effects include Genomic Instability, and Bystander effect which latter includes Abscopal effects and Bystander-mediated adaptive response. These can also arise non-clonally in the progeny of irradiated somatic or germ cells, resulting in radiation-induced genomic instability and transgenerational genomic instability respectively. (Kadhim M, Salomaa S, Wright E, et al. Non-targeted effects of ionising radiation--implications for low dose risk. Mutat Res. 2013;752(2):84-98. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2012.12.001) Paul Schofield ORCID: 0000-0002-5111-7263 NTE non-targeted effects non-targeted effects of ionising radiation ALARA One of the measures to ensure ALARA is to minimize the time spent working around radioactive materials. A principle of radiation protection philosophy that requires that exposures to ionizing radiation be kept as low as reasonably achievable, economic and social factors being taken into account. The protection from radiation exposure is ALARA when the expen Jack Miller ALARA NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) ALARA as low as reasonably achievable Attenuation in concrete or leadshielding is a common method of radiation protection on Earth, but is impractical in space due to mass constraints. The reduction of radiation intensity upon passage of radiation through matter Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) radiation attenuation Biodosimetry was used to measure the exposure of some victims of the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Use of a biological response as an indicator of a dose of an effective agent (e.g., the extent of decline in peripheral blood lymphocytes of humans exposed to ionizing radiation can be used as an indicator of the absorbed dose to the whole body from that Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) biodosimetry The bystander effect can be studied by identifying cells that were traversed by a charged particle. The term used to describe the effects on cells in proximity to irradiated cells, but through which radiation has not passed. In experimental radiation biology, the bystander effect can be investigated by targeting individual cells, or by using doses low enough that the probability for a given cell to be hit by a particle is less than one. Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) bystander effect Delta ray energies increase with the velocity of the incident particle. Highly energetic electrons produced during inelastic collisions between ionizing radiation and atomic electrons. In a small proportion of collisions, the ejected electron receives a considerable amount of energy (i.e., >1,000 eV), allowing it to travel a Jack Miller delta electron NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) delta electron delta ray The average annual dose equivalent for crew members on the ISS is approximately 300 mSv. The product of the absorbed dose (D) at a point and the quality factor (Q) at that point for the radiation type (i.e., H = DQ). The unit of H is J-kg^[-1] with the special name sievert (Sv) Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) dose equivalent The increased risk from induced cancer due to exposure when the effects over an entire lifetime are accounted for. Individuals who would have died of cancer anyway but die early because of exposure are not included Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) excess lifetime risk of cancer The sample was irradiated with fast neutrons. Neutrons of energies above a few hundred kiloelectron volts (keV) Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) fast neutron The value of the fluence was approximately 1 particle per cm2. The number of particles or photons per unit of cross-sectional area perpendicular to the direction of the particle (units of m^2 or cm^2) (i.e., particles-m^[-2] or particles-cm^[-2]). Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) fluence The flux of cosmic ray muons per cm2 at the surface of the Earth is approximately 1.0. The quotient of dN by dt, where dN is the increment of the particle number in the time interval dt. The unit for flux is reciprocal second (s^[-1].) Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) flux An atomic nucleus, fully stripped of its orbital electrons, containing 2 or more protons. Nuclei containing between 2 protons (helium) and 6 protons (carbon) are sometimes referred to as light ions. Jack Miller In RBO--needs def from NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) heavy ion Biological effects are a function of LET. The energy deposited by an ionizing charged particle or photon in any medium per unit path length. Jack Miller LET NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) LET linear energy transfer Radiation protection standards take into account organ dose as well as whole body dose. The mean absorbed radiation dose in a specified tissue or organ of the human body. Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) organ dose Neutrons have a high quality factor compared to photons. Dimensionless factor developed for purposes of radiation protection and assessing health risks in general terms that accounts for the relative biological effectiveness of different radiations in producing stochastic effects and is used to relate absorbed Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) quality factor The samples received a dose of 1 Gy. (The use of the gray unit implies that "dose" refers to a measured quantity, typically absorbed dose or organ dose.) The samples received a dose of 1 Sv. (The use of the sievert unit implies that "dose" refers to a der A measurement datum of the quantity of radiation absorbed by a substance or organism. The term "radiation dose" may for example refer to absorbed dose, organ dose, dose equivalent or equivalent dose, depending upon context and weighting factor(s). Jack Miller radiation dose Radiation weighting factors may change as more data on biological effects are obtained. A factor used to allow for differences in the biological effectiveness between different radiations when calculating equivalent dose (H_T) (see equivalent dose). These factors are independent of the tissue or organ irradiated. Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) radiation weighting factor Neutrons have been found to have a higher RBE than electrons. Factor used to compare the biological effectiveness of absorbed doses from different types of ionizing radiation, determined experimentally. RBE is the ratio of the absorbed dose of a reference radiation to the absorbed dose of the radiation in question r Jack Miller RBE NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) RBE relative biological effectiveness Tissue equivalent materials can be used to study radiation effects at depth in the human body. Denotes a substance with absorbing and scattering properties for a given radiation that sufficiently match those of a particular biological tissue. Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) tissue equivalence That energy which is transferred in space and time as part of the process of radiation (ENVO:01001023). radiation Uncharged particles with kinetic energy imparted by natural or artificial means (such as by a particle accelerator) neutral particle radiation An assay of the pattern (frequency and spatial distribution) of ionization events produced by energy deposition in time and space in a substance characterized by linear dimensions of the order of 1-100 nanometers See H.H. Rossi, Microdosimetry and Radiobiology, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Volume 13, Issue 1-4, 1 December 1985, Pages 259�265, https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/13.1-4.259 and Gustavo A. Santa Cruz,Microdosimetry: Principles and applications,Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy,Volume 21, Issue 2,2016,Pages 135-139,ISSN 1507-1367,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpor.2014.10.006. Usually a track structure assay at nm scale nanodosimetry assay An assay of the pattern (frequency and spatial distribution) of ionization events produced by energy deposition in time and space in a substance characterized by linear dimensions of the order of 1-100 micrometers See H.H. Rossi, Microdosimetry and Radiobiology, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Volume 13, Issue 1-4, 1 December 1985, Pages 259�265, https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/13.1-4.259 and Gustavo A. Santa Cruz,Microdosimetry: Principles and applications,Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy,Volume 21, Issue 2,2016,Pages 135-139,ISSN 1507-1367,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpor.2014.10.006. Usually a track structure assay at micrometre scale microdosimetry assay Nuclear decay in which an alpha particle is emitted. https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00005 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/REX_0000017 alpha-decay alpha decay Radioactive decay in which a beta particle is emitted or in which orbital electron capture occurs. http://goldbook.iupac.org/B00572.html http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/REX_0000007 beta-decay beta decay Processes in which electrons or components of the atomic nucleus are participants. subatomic process Measurement of the pattern (frequency and spatial distribution) of ionization events produced by energy deposition in time and space in a substance characterized by linear dimensions of the order of 1-100 nanometers nanodosimetric measurement datum In microdosimetry the specific energy, z, is the energy deposited by radiation ( in one or more deposition events) in a specified micrometric (or smaller) site divided my the mass of the site. Measured in Gy. specific energy measurement datum The path of a particle in matter, delineated by sites where the particle deposits energy. particle track A pattern (frequency and spatial distribution) of ionization events produced by energy deposition in time and space in a substance characterized by linear dimensions of the order of 1-100 nanometers. nanodosimetry The complete set of spatial coordinates of energy deposition events along a particle track in matter particle track structure A group of ionization events closely related in time and space, occurring in a specified target volume and originating from a single primary ionizing particle. ionization cluster Measurement of the pattern (frequency and spatial distribution) of ionization events produced by energy deposition in time and space in a substance characterized by linear dimensions of the order of 1-100 micrometers. microdosimetric measurement datum A volume of matter characterised by linear dimensions of the order of 0.5- 10's of microns, referred to as the "site" in microdosimetry. micrometric volume A control specimen role of a biotic or abiotic sample or individual describes a specimen by its purpose, and therefore treatment, within a planned experimental process that tests hypotheses by isolating variables as dictated by the scientific method in order to make a conclusion about the effect of such variables. The quality of control inhering in the sample role exists as a result of the historical treatment of the sample. In a controlled experiment, two or more virtually identical experiments are conducted, but the factor being tested is varied in only one of them. This serves to isolate any causal phenomena. A control may have been subject to treatments during the experiment that might alter its state or behaviour and is therefore distinguishable from the sample as initial input into the experiment. However such treatments should in all cases but that of the variable under scrutiny, be the same as the experimental sample. http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/xml/owl/EVS/Thesaurus.owl#C64355 control specimen role Sham irradiation in which an identical irradiation protocol (with the exception of the administration of the radiation exposure) is not followed in every respect. Use approximate sham irradiation when at least one aspect of the irradiation (with the exception of the administration of the radiation exposure) is not followed precisely. For example, Not placing an organism or sample in a beam line for the same length of time as the irradiated organism(s) or sample(s) were left in the beam. approximate sham irradiation Experimental internal radiation exposure of rodents to radon gas through inhalation. Exposure to an inhaled, ingested, injected or implanted source of radiation of any origin as part of a planned or accidental process. internal radiation exposure Mice exposed to external radiation from a Sr source. Exposure to an external source of radiation of any origin or type. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263 external radiation exposure Sham irradiation in which an identical irradiation protocol is followed in every respect, with the exception of the administration of the radiation exposure. Use complete sham irradiation when all steps of an irradiation protocol are followed for sham control group (with the exception of administration of the radiation exposure). complete sham irradiation Planned exposure of an entity to radiation of any type, for example as part of a medical or experimental procedure with the intention of exposing the entity to radiation energy internally by the ingestion, inhalation or implantation of a source of radiation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263 Research subjects participating in a clinical trial using an internally implanted radiation source have an internal experimental radiation exposure internal experimental radiation exposure The direct or indirect transfer of energy from radiation to a medium through ionisation or excitation of the atoms of the medium. energy deposition event track formation A mixed irradiation study typically involves exposing a sample or system to a combination of different types of radiation. This could include exposure to various forms of ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays, X-rays, and particle radiation. Exposure might be simultaneous or sequential and from anthropogenic or natural sources of radiation. The goal is to understand how the different types of radiation interact with each other and their combined effects on the material or biological system under investigation. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670 mixed irradiation study A mixed ion and photon irradiation study typically involves exposing a sample or system to a combination of these types of radiation. This could include exposure to various forms of ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays, X-rays, and particle radiation. Exposure might be simultaneous or sequential and from anthropogenic or natural sources of radiation. The goal is to understand how the different types of radiation interact with each other and their combined effects on the material or biological system under investigation. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670 mixed ion and photon irradiation study A mixed ion and photon simultaneous irradiation study typically involves simultaneously exposing a sample or system to a combination of these types of radiation. This could include exposure to various forms of ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays, X-rays, and particle radiation. Exposure might be from anthropogenic or natural sources of radiation. The goal is to understand how the different types of radiation interact with each other and their combined effects on the material or biological system under investigation. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670 mixed ion and photon simultaneous irradiation study A mixed ion and photon sequential irradiation study typically involves sequentially exposing a sample or system to a combination of these types of radiation. This could include exposure to various forms of ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays, X-rays, and particle radiation. Exposure might be from anthropogenic or natural sources of radiation. The goal is to understand how the different types of radiation interact with each other and their combined effects on the material or biological system under investigation. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670 mixed ion and photon sequential irradiation study A multiple ion irradiation study typically involves exposing a sample or system to a combination of different types of charged particle radiation. Exposure might be simultaneous or sequential and from anthropogenic or natural sources of radiation. The goal is to understand how the different types of radiation interact with each other and their combined effects on the material or biological system under investigation. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670 multiple ion mixed irradiation study multiple ion irradiation study A multiple ion simultaneous irradiation study typically involves simultaneously exposing a sample or system to a combination of ions. This could include exposure to various forms of particle radiation, for example ion beams. Exposure might be from anthropogenic or natural sources of radiation. The goal is to understand how the different types of radiation interact with each other and their combined effects on the material or biological system under investigation. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670 multiple ion simultaneous irradiation study A multiple ion sequential irradiation study involves exposing a sample or system to a combination of different ions. This could include exposure to various forms of particle radiation such as ion beams. Exposure might be from anthropogenic or natural sources of radiation. The goal is to understand how the different types of radiation interact with each other and their combined effects on the material or biological system under investigation. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670 multiple ion sequential irradiation study Radiation present in an experimental or therapeutic process, other than that produced as part of that planned process. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670 ambient radiation background radiation anthropogenic ionizing background radiation Radiation originating in the terrestrial or extra-terrestrial environment. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670 natural ionizing background radiation beam composition The types and characteristics of particles or waves that make up the radiation produced or emitted by a radiation source for use in a particular exposure context or protocol. The source may be artificial as in a particle accelerator or natural, in a controlled environment, such as a collimated beam from a radioactive isotope. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670 radiation beam composition The space radiation field in the solar system consists of particle and electromagnetic radiation from the sun, electromagnetic radiation originating from extra-solar sources, and galactic cosmic radiation. The mix of charged and neutral atomic and subatomic particles and electromagnetic radiation suffusing a defined volume in an extraterrestrial environment at a given time. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670 space radiation field The process by an entity is exposed to two or more species of accelerated ions sequentially or simultaneously. Mark H. Phillips http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4312-9552 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1741-8297 mixed irradiation with multiple ions multiple ion mixed irradiation The term is often used as jargon, in which cases it is taken to imply sequential exposure to multiple ion types, and not parallel exposures. (perhaps include reference to NSRL) multiple ion irradiation Radiation field composition refers to the spectrum of types and characteristics of radiation present in a specific area or region where radiation is being used, emitted, absorbed, or measured. It describes the combination of different types of particles or waves that make up the radiation in a given field. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4312-9552 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1741-8297 radiation field composition thermal neutron A neutron that has (by collision with other particles) reached an energy state equal to that of its surroundings, typically on the order of 0.025 eV. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670 https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/glossary/neutron-thermal.html thermal neutron epithermal neutron a neutron with energy greater than a thermal neutron, but less than a fast neutron. The approximate energy range is 0.025-0.4 eV. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263,https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670 https://ns.ph.liv.ac.uk/~ajb/radiometrics/glossary/epithermal_neutron.html epithermal neutron background radiation The ambient radiation in a defined environment emanating from natural or anthropogenic sources. For uses involving experimentation or radiation therapy, use "anthropogenic background radiation" instead. Use this concept to indicate source is a mixture of anthropogenic and naturally occurring (ambient), or unknown or if the discrimination is not sought. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670 background radiation non-ionizing background radiation Background radiation that does not result in ionization of target material http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670 non-ionizing background radiation anthropogenic non-ionizing background radiation Non-ionizing background radiation that is the result of a human planned process. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670 anthropogenic non-ionizing background radiation natural non-ionizing background radiation Non-ionizing background radiation that is not the result of a human planned process. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670 natural non-ionizing background radiation The toroidal zones surrounding the Earth, comprised of charged particles trapped by the Earth's magnetic field. There are two permanent belts, an inner and an outer belt. A transient third belt may form during periods of high solar activity. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025940 Van Allen belts The emission and acceleration of large numbers of energetic charged particles, mainly protons, from the Sun. Sources include solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CME). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670 SPE https://three.jsc.nasa.gov/articles/Hu-SPEs.pdf solar particle event The geomagnetosphere is the region of space surrounding Earth where the dominant magnetic field is the magnetic field of Earth, rather than the magnetic field of interplanetary space. The geomagnetosphere is formed by the interaction of the solar wind with Earth�s magnetic field. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670 https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/earths-magnetosphere geomagnetosphere A radiation exposure in which the delivery of energy to the target is considered to be "high dose rate" in a given context. The context here is determined by the type of radiation and application of the exposure. high dose rate irradiation A radiation environment outside a commonly defined boundary marking the beginning of space (frequently the Karman line). space radiation environment Senescence caused by radiation and associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to oxidative stress, e.g. high levels of reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals. radiation-induced senescence A radiation detector which, when exposed to ionizing radiation, stores energy and when stimulated with light, releases the stored energy as luminescence, the intensity of which depends on the amount of radiation absorbed. OSLD optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter A device which measures ionizing radiation dose by storing and then releasing the energy produced by the radiation. Energy is stored in the form of excited electrons. When the dosimeter is heated the electrons return to the ground state, resulting in the emission of light. The intensity of the emitted light directly corresponds to the radiation dose received, allowing for quantifiable measurements. TLD https://www.landauer.com/blog/unveiling-science-thermoluminescent-dosimeters-key-radiation-safety-and-measurement thermoluminescent dosimeter An active dosimeter in which ionizing radiation creates electron-hole pairs in a semiconductor which are collected by electrodes across which a voltage is applied. The resulting current is proportional to the energy deposited in the semiconductor by the incident radiation. semiconductor radiation detector An active dosimeter which estimates the amount of incident ionizing radiation by measuring the number of electrons liberated from the gas molecules by the radiation in a suitable housing. ion chamber ionization chamber A senolytic is a type of drug or compound that selectively induces the death, removal or both of senescent cells�cells that have stopped dividing but often remain metabolically active, often secreting inflammatory and harmful molecules. These cells accumulate with age and contribute to aging-related diseases, chronic inflammation, and tissue dysfunction. Senolytics work by targeting specific survival pathways that senescent cells rely on, such as the BCL-2 family proteins, PI3K/AKT pathway, or p53-related mechanisms. By eliminating these cells, senolytics have shown potential in improving tissue function, delaying age-related diseases, and enhancing healthspan in preclinical studies. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263,https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670 See: Lelarge, V., Capelle, R., Oger, F. et al. Senolytics: from pharmacological inhibitors to immunotherapies, a promising future for patients� treatment. npj Aging 10, 12 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41514-024-00138-4 senolytic ALARA One of the measures to ensure ALARA is to minimize the time spent working around radioactive materials. A principle of radiation protection philosophy that requires that exposures to ionizing radiation be kept as low as reasonably achievable, economic and social factors being taken into account. The protection from radiation exposure is ALARA when the expen Jack Miller ALARA NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) ALARA as low as reasonably achievable false Attenuation in concrete or leadshielding is a common method of radiation protection on Earth, but is impractical in space due to mass constraints. The reduction of radiation intensity upon passage of radiation through matter Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) radiation attenuation false Biodosimetry was used to measure the exposure of some victims of the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Use of a biological response as an indicator of a dose of an effective agent (e.g., the extent of decline in peripheral blood lymphocytes of humans exposed to ionizing radiation can be used as an indicator of the absorbed dose to the whole body from that Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) biodosimetry false The bystander effect can be studied by identifying cells that were traversed by a charged particle. The term used to describe the effects on cells in proximity to irradiated cells, but through which radiation has not passed. In experimental radiation biology, the bystander effect can be investigated by targeting individual cells, or by using doses low enough that the probability for a given cell to be hit by a particle is less than one. Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) bystander effect false Delta ray energies increase with the velocity of the incident particle. Highly energetic electrons produced during inelastic collisions between ionizing radiation and atomic electrons. In a small proportion of collisions, the ejected electron receives a considerable amount of energy (i.e., >1,000 eV), allowing it to travel a Jack Miller delta electron NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) delta electron delta ray false The average annual dose equivalent for crew members on the ISS is approximately 300 mSv. The product of the absorbed dose (D) at a point and the quality factor (Q) at that point for the radiation type (i.e., H = DQ). The unit of H is J-kg^[-1] with the special name sievert (Sv) Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) dose equivalent false The increased risk from induced cancer due to exposure when the effects over an entire lifetime are accounted for. Individuals who would have died of cancer anyway but die early because of exposure are not included Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) excess lifetime risk of cancer false The sample was irradiated with fast neutrons. Neutrons of energies above a few hundred kiloelectron volts (keV) Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) fast neutron false The value of the fluence was approximately 1 particle per cm2. The number of particles or photons per unit of cross-sectional area perpendicular to the direction of the particle (units of m^2 or cm^2) (i.e., particles-m^[-2] or particles-cm^[-2]). Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) fluence false The flux of cosmic ray muons per cm2 at the surface of the Earth is approximately 1.0. The quotient of dN by dt, where dN is the increment of the particle number in the time interval dt. The unit for flux is reciprocal second (s^[-1].) Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) flux false An atomic nucleus, fully stripped of its orbital electrons, containing 2 or more protons. Nuclei containing between 2 protons (helium) and 6 protons (carbon) are sometimes referred to as light ions. Jack Miller In RBO--needs def from NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) heavy ion false Biological effects are a function of LET. The energy deposited by an ionizing charged particle or photon in any medium per unit path length. Jack Miller LET NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) LET linear energy transfer false Radiation protection standards take into account organ dose as well as whole body dose. The mean absorbed radiation dose in a specified tissue or organ of the human body. Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) organ dose false Neutrons have a high quality factor compared to photons. Dimensionless factor developed for purposes of radiation protection and assessing health risks in general terms that accounts for the relative biological effectiveness of different radiations in producing stochastic effects and is used to relate absorbed Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) quality factor false The samples received a dose of 1 Gy. (The use of the gray unit implies that "dose" refers to a measured quantity, typically absorbed dose or organ dose.) The samples received a dose of 1 Sv. (The use of the sievert unit implies that "dose" refers to a der A measurement datum of the quantity of radiation absorbed by a substance or organism. The term "radiation dose" may for example refer to absorbed dose, organ dose, dose equivalent or equivalent dose, depending upon context and weighting factor(s). Jack Miller radiation dose false Radiation quality is often expressed in terms of the linear energy transfer of the ionising particles that deliver the absorbed dose. Rossi, Harald H. Specification of Radiation Quality. Radiation Research, vol. 10, no. 5, Radiation Research Society, 1959, pp. 522 31, https://doi.org/10.2307/3570787. But this is an over simplification. Is a quality of radiation that reflects the fluence spectrum of charged and neutral particles within the material or medium where dose is being deposited. Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) and see https://melodi-online.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/02-What-is-radiation-quality-Goodhead.pdf radiation quality false Radiation weighting factors may change as more data on biological effects are obtained. A factor used to allow for differences in the biological effectiveness between different radiations when calculating equivalent dose (H_T) (see equivalent dose). These factors are independent of the tissue or organ irradiated. Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) radiation weighting factor false Neutrons have been found to have a higher RBE than electrons. Factor used to compare the biological effectiveness of absorbed doses from different types of ionizing radiation, determined experimentally. RBE is the ratio of the absorbed dose of a reference radiation to the absorbed dose of the radiation in question r Jack Miller RBE NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) RBE relative biological effectiveness false Tissue equivalent materials can be used to study radiation effects at depth in the human body. Denotes a substance with absorbing and scattering properties for a given radiation that sufficiently match those of a particular biological tissue. Jack Miller NCRP Glossary (https://ncrponline.org/wp-content/themes/ncrp/PDFs/NCRP-Composite-Glossary.pdf) tissue equivalence false NSRL GCRSim The samples were irradiated using the NSRL Galactic Cosmic Ray Simulation. The NSRL Galactic Cosmic Ray Simulation is comprised of seven different species of ion, and fourteen different energies of H and He for 33 separate beams in a single GCRSim exposure. (https://www.bnl.gov/nsrl/userguide/GCRSim.php) NSRL GCRSim NSRL Galactic Cosmic Ray Simulation NSRL The experiment was conducted at the NSRL A particle accelerator beamline located at Brookhaven National Laboratory Jack Miller NSRL NASA Space Radiation Laboratory HIMAC The experiment was carried out at HIMAC A particle accelerator at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences in Chiba, Japan HIMAC; NIRS-HIMAC Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator at Chiba ISS The experiment was conducted aboard the International Space Station An instance of an Earth-orbiting space station that went operational in the year 2000. Jack Miller term editor ISS International Space Station The experiment was conducted on the Mir space station An instance of an Earth-orbiting space station, operational from1986 to 2001, operated by the Soviet Union and later by Russia. Wikipedia Mir The biological payload was carried into orbit by the Space Shuttle An instance of a reusable spacecraft designed to carry passengers and equipment into low Earth orbit and return to Earth. Operated by the United States and operational from 1981 to 2011. Wikipedia Space Shuttle The experiment was conducted aboard the Bion-MI satellite. An instance of a Russian-operated Earth satellite carrying biological samples. Launched April 19, 2013 and returned to Earth May 19, 2013 Jack Miller Wikipedia Bion-M1 The samples were flown on the Foton-M4 satellite An instance of a Russian-operated Earth satellite carrying biological samples. Launched July 19, 2014 and returned to Earth September 1, 2014 Wikipedia Foton-M4 The experiment was conducted on the Shenzhou-8 space station An instance of a Chinese-operated Earth satellite carrying biological samples. Launched October 31, 2011 and returned to Earth November 17, 2011. Wikipedia Shenzhou-8 US Lab The experiment was conducted in the US Laboratory on the ISS An instance of a module on the International Space Station, operated by the United States Wikipedia Destiny|US Lab ISS-US Laboratory JEM The experiment was conducted on the Japanese Experiment Module A Japanese science module for the International Space Station developed by JAXA. It is the largest single ISS module, and is attached to the Harmony module. The first two pieces of the module were launched on Space Shuttle missions STS-123 and STS-124. Wikipedia JEM|Kibo ISS-Japanese Experiment Module Columbus The experiment was conducted on the Columbus module on the ISS An instance of a module on the International Space Station, operated by the European Space Agency. Wikipedia Columbus laboratory ISS-Columbus Zvezda The experiment was conducted in the Zvezda module of the ISS. An instance of a module on the International Space Station, operated by the Russian Space Agency. Wikipedia Russian Service Module ISS-Zvezda The experiment was carried out at the SIS-18 accelerator. An particle accelerator located at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germay. SIS18 NSRL SPESim The samples were irradiated using the NSRL Solar Particle Event Simulation. The NSRL SPE simulatoris based on the fluence of the August 1972 event, with an energy spectrum similar to the March 1989 event. The majority of the protons are at very low energies, below 1 MeV, and pose little to no risk to astronauts in a space craft or space suit. The SPESim begins with 50 MeV protons, which amounts to 91.66% of the total dose. Then the beam energy increments in steps of 10 MeV up to 150 MeV where 0.14% of the total dose is delivered. NSRL SPESim NSRL Solar Particle Event Simulation NSRL SimGCRSim The samples were irradiated using the NSRL Simplified Galactic Cosmic Ray Simulation. The NSRL Simplified Galactic Cosmic Ray Simulation uses 6 beams and 5 different ions including protons at two different energies. https://www.bnl.gov/nsrl/userguide/SimGCRSim.php NSRL SimGCRSim NSRL Simplified Galactic Cosmic Ray Simulation KUR-HWNIF The samples were irradiated with thermal neutrons at the KUR-HWNIF A heavy water tank of approximately 2 m3 adjacent to the core of the Kyoto University Research Reactor (KUR), a light-water moderated tank-type reactor. KUR-HWNIF Kyoto University Research Reactor-Heavy Water Neutron Irradiation Facility HIRRAC The samples were irradiated with fast neutrons at the HIRRAC. A neutron generator at the Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University (RIRBM). Monoenergetic neutrons of which energy is less than 1.3 MeV are generated by the 7Li(p,n)7 Be reaction at proton energies up to 3 MeV. HIRRAC Hiroshima University Radiobiological Research Accelerator BNL GRSF The Gamma Radiation Facility known as GRSF houses a cesium-137 gamma ray source which can provide gamma rays at a variety of dose rates. The gamma source is an industry standar dJ.L. Shepherd Mark I Model 68A 137Cs ? Irradiator. The photon energy from the source is 662 keV, with a Lineal Energy Transfer (LET) in water of approximately 0.8 keV/um. (https://www.bnl.gov/nsrl/grsf/) Jack Miller BNL GRSF Brookhaven National Laboratory Gamma Radiation Source Facility http://www.theratronics.ca/PDFs/GC40_BTMB_8008GC40E_2_v112013_webSECURE.pdf Gammacell 40 https://www.crr.columbia.edu/services/ion-beam-and-neutron-core-facility RARAF 5.5 MV microbeam https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/nasa-small-business-partnership-prepares-drone-for-30-day-science-flights Swift HALE https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/aircraft/ER-2/index.html ER-2 https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/aircraft/WB-57_-_JSC WB-57 doi: 10.2349/biij.2.1.e1 Faxitron CP160 https://precisionxray.com/x-rad/xrad-320/ X-Rad320 micromole per square meter per second