FaBiO, the FRBR-aligned Bibliographic Ontology
type: Ontology
version IRI: http://purl.org/spar/fabio/2019-02-19
contributor: Paolo Ciccarese
contributor: Tim Clark
creator: David Shotton
creator: Silvio Peroni
date: 2023-05-09
description: FaBiO, the FRBR-aligned Bibliographic Ontology, is an ontology for recording and publishing on the Semantic Web descriptions of entities that are published or potentially publishable, and that contain or are referred to by bibliographic references, or entities used to define such bibliographic references. FaBiO entities are primarily textual publications such as books, magazines, newspapers and journals, and items of their content such as poems, conference papers and editorials. However, they also include blogs, web pages, datasets, computer algorithms, experimental protocols, formal specifications and vocabularies, legal records, governmental papers, technical and commercial reports and similar publications, and also anthologies, catalogues and similar collections. FaBiO classes are structured according to the FRBR schema of Works, Expressions, Manifestations and Items. Additional properties have been added to extends the FRBR data model by linking Works and Manifestations (fabio:hasManifestation and fabio:isManifestationOf), Works and Items (fabio:hasPortrayal and fabio:isPortrayedBy), and Expressions and Items (fabio:hasRepresentation and fabio:isRepresentedBy).
rights: This work is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode).
preferred namespace prefix: fabio
preferred namespace uri: http://purl.org/spar/fabio/
comment: The FRBR-aligned Bibliographic Ontology (FaBiO) is an ontology for describing entities that are published or potentially publishable (e.g., journal articles, conference papers, books), and that contain or are referred to by bibliographic references. **URL:** http://purl.org/spar/fabio **Creators**: [David Shotton](http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5506-523X), [Silvio Peroni](http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-4305) **Contributors:** [Paolo Ciccarese](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5156-2703), [Tim Clark](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4060-7360) **License:** [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode) **Website:** http://www.sparontologies.net/ontologies/fabio **Cite as:** Peroni, S., Shotton, D. (2012). FaBiO and CiTO: ontologies for describing bibliographic resources and citations. In Journal of Web Semantics, 17: 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.websem.2012.08.001. Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/peroni-2012-fabio-cito-ontologies.pdf
prior version: http://purl.org/spar/fabio/2018-05-02
version info: 2.2

has creator
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
comment: An entity primarily responsible for making the resource. Examples of a Creator include a person, an organization, or a service. Typically, the name of a Creator should be used to indicate the entity.

has format
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
comment: The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource. Examples of dimensions include size and duration. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the list of Internet Media Types.

has language
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
comment: A language of the resource. Examples include written, spoken, sign, and computer languages. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as RFC 4646 [http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4646.txt].

has license
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
comment: A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.

has publisher
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
comment: An entity responsible for making the resource available. Examples of a Publisher include a person, an organization, or a service. Typically, the name of a Publisher should be used to indicate the entity.

has rights
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
comment: Information about rights held in and over the resource. Typically, rights information includes a statement about various property rights associated with the resource, including intellectual property rights.

has discipline
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
inverse of: is discipline of
property disjoint with: is scheme of
comment: The discipline to which a subject vocabulary belongs.

has manifestation
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatedEndeavour
inverse of: is manifestation of
property chain axiom: has realization
property chain axiom: has embodiment
comment: A property linking a particular work to its manifestations. This property is additional to the relationships between FRBR endeavours present in the classical FRBR data model.

has place of publication
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The place (usually, the city) where the publisher of a particular bibliographic resource is located.

has portrayal
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatedEndeavour
inverse of: is portrayal of
property chain axiom: has realization
property chain axiom: has embodiment
property chain axiom: has exemplar
comment: A property linking a particular work to its items. This property is additional to the relationships between FRBR endeavours present in the classical FRBR data model.

has primary subject term
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has subject term
comment: This property is used to associate a frbr:Endeavour to a term in a particular classification system - and the term is considered one of the main topics for the endeavour in consideration.

has representation
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatedEndeavour
inverse of: is representation of
property chain axiom: has embodiment
property chain axiom: has exemplar
comment: A property linking a particular expression to its items. This property is additional to the relationships between FRBR endeavours present in the classical FRBR data model.

has subject term
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
comment: This property is used to associate a frbr:Endeavour to a term in a particular classification system.

is discipline of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
property disjoint with: is in scheme
comment: This property relates a subject vocabulary to the discipline to which it belongs.

is manifestation of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatedEndeavour
property chain axiom: is embodiment of
property chain axiom: is realization of
comment: A property linking a particular manifestation to the work it is manifesting. This property is additional to the relationships between FRBR endeavours present in the classical FRBR data model.

is portrayal of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatedEndeavour
property chain axiom: is exemplar of
property chain axiom: is embodiment of
property chain axiom: is realization of
comment: A property linking a particular item to the work it portrays. This property is additional to the relationships between FRBR endeavours present in the classical FRBR data model.

is representation of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatedEndeavour
property chain axiom: is exemplar of
property chain axiom: is embodiment of
comment: A property linking a particular item to the expression it represents. This property is additional to the relationships between FRBR endeavours present in the classical FRBR data model.

is scheme of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
inverse of: is in scheme
comment: This property expresses the fact that a scheme contains a concept.

is stored on
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
inverse of: stores
comment: This property relates a fabio:Item to the medium upon which it is stored.

stores
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
comment: This property relates a storage medium to the fabio:Item stored upon it.

has embodiment
type: ObjectProperty
comment: As defined by FRBR (http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr1.htm; http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#embodiment), a property representing a manifestation that embodies an expression.

is embodiment of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: As defined by FRBR (http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr1.htm; http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#embodimentOf), a property representing an expression that is embodied by a manifestation.

has exemplar
type: ObjectProperty
comment: As defined by FRBR (http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr1.htm; http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#exemplar), a property representing an item that exemplifies a manifestation.

is exemplar of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: As defined by FRBR (http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr1.htm; http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#embodimentOf), a property representing a manifestation that is exemplified by an item.

has part
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Meaning = has part. As defined by FRBR (http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr1.htm; http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#part), a property indicating that one entity includes another entity.

is part of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Meaning = is part of. As defined by FRBR (http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr1.htm; http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#partOf), a property indicating that one entity is a part of another entity.

has realization
type: ObjectProperty
comment: As defined by FRBR (http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr1.htm; http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization), a property representing an expression that is an intellectual or artistic realization of a work.

is realization of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: As defined by FRBR (http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr1.htm; http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realizationOf), a property representing the work that has been realized by an expression.

is in scheme
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
comment: This property expresses the fact that a concept is a part of a scheme.

alternate title
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has title
comment: An alternative title for a resource.

has DOI
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
type: FunctionalProperty
comment: A Digital Object Identifier for a serial publication item, a dataset or some other entity.
label: has Digital Object Identifier

has eISSN
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
type: FunctionalProperty
comment: An International Standard Serial Number, ISSN, for electronic versions of serial publications.
label: has electronic International Standard Serial Number

has edition
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: An identifier for one of several alternative issues of a magazine, a book or other resource.

has ending page
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
comment: Identifies the last page of an entity such as a journal article.

has ISBN
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
type: FunctionalProperty
comment: The International Standard Book Number, ISBN, used to identify published books or, more rarely, journal issues.
label: has International Standard Book Number

has ISSN
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
type: FunctionalProperty
comment: The International Standard Serial Number, ISSN, an identifer for serial publications.
label: has International Standard Serial Number

has issue identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
comment: An identifier used to identify a specific issue of a magazine, a journal or other resource.

has keyword
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
comment: A property used to tag a resource with a keyword that is likely to be used in search queries.

has page range
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
comment: Identifies the page range of an entity such as a journal article.

has publication date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has issue date
type: FunctionalProperty
range: Datatype
  union of: date
  union of: gYear
  union of: gYearMonth
description: The date on which a document or entity is published. The date can be expressed in three different formats: - yyyy-mm-dd (i.e., xsd:date) - yyyy-mm (i.e., xsd:gYearMonth) - yyyy (i.e., xsd:gYear)
comment: The date on which a resource is published or disclosed.

section
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
comment: The name or identifier of the section or part of a resource, for example Part 2 of Issue 6 of Volume 127 of the Journal of Cell Biology, or the Travel Section of a newspaper issue.

has starting page
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
comment: Identifies the first page of an entity such as a journal article.

has version identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
comment: An identifier for a version of a resource, for example a text book, a draft of an article, or a data file.

has volume identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
comment: An identifier for a particular volume of a resource, such as a journal or a multi-volume book.

has word count
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
range: positiveInteger
comment: The count of the number of words in a textual resource.

abstract
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: A summary of the resource.

has creation date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
type: FunctionalProperty
range: dateTime
comment: The date on which an entity has been created.

has date
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource. Date may be used to express temporal information at any level of granularity. Recommended best practice is to use an encoding scheme, such as the W3CDTF profile of ISO 8601 [http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime].

has acceptance date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
range: dateTime
comment: The date of acceptance of an entity. Examples of entities to which a Date Accepted may be relevant are a thesis (accepted by a university examination board) or an article (accepted by a journal editor).

has copyright date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
type: FunctionalProperty
range: date
comment: The date on which an entity has been copyrighted.

has submission date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
range: dateTime
comment: The date on which an entity has been submitted. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department), a grant application (submitted to a funding agency) or an article (submitted to a journal).

has identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: A unique and unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context. Recommended best practice is to identify the resource by means of a string conforming to a formal identification system.

has issue date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
comment: Date of formal issuance of a resource (e.g. a publication or a patent).

has modification date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
range: dateTime
comment: The date on which an entity has been modified.

has title
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: A name given to a resource. Typically, the title will be the name by which the resource is formally known.

has validity date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
range: dateTime
comment: Date (often a range) of validity of a resource.

date last updated
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
type: FunctionalProperty
range: dateTime
comment: The date on which a particular endeavour, such as an ontology, was last updated.

has access date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
range: dateTime
comment: The date on which a particular digital item, such as a PDF or an HTML file, has been accessed by somebody.

has ArXiv identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
comment: An identifier used by the preprint repository ArXiv.

has CODEN
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
comment: A CODEN is a six character, alphanumeric bibliographic identification code, that provides concise, unique and unambiguous identification of the titles of serials and non-serial publications.

has character count
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
range: positiveInteger
comment: The count of the number of characters in a textual resource.

has copyright year
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
type: FunctionalProperty
range: gYear
comment: The year in which an entity has been copyrighted.

has correction date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
range: dateTime
comment: The date on which something, for example a document, is corrected.

has date collected
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
range: dateTime
comment: The date on which some item has been collected, for example the data gathered by means of questionnaires.

has date received
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
range: dateTime
comment: The date on which some item is received, for example a document being received by a publisher.

has deadline
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
range: dateTime
comment: A date by which something has to be done.

has decision date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
type: FunctionalProperty
range: dateTime
comment: The date on which a particular endeavour, such as a grant application, has been or will be approved or rejected by somebody.

has deposit date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
range: dateTime
comment: The date on which an entity has been deposited, for example in a library, repository, supplementary information archive, database or similar place of document or information storage.

has preprint dissemination date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
range: dateTime
comment: The date on which something is distributed, for example the date on which a preprint of a document is e-mailed to colleagues and other academics by the author(s), or the date on which a printed announcement of forthcoming theatre events is mailed to those those on the theatre's mailing list.

has electronic article identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
comment: A local identifier for an article within an electronic (i.e. on line, in HTML format) periodical issue. Use in preference to prism:startingPage when the article lacks page numbers

has embargo date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
type: FunctionalProperty
range: dateTime
comment: The date before which an entity should not be published, or before which a press release should not be reported on. For open-access journal articles, the embargo date is the date before which availability of the open-access version of the article is restricted by the publisher, following subscription-access availability of the published work. The duration of the embargo period can be specified by fabio:hasEmbargoDuration.

has embargo period
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
comment: The time period for which an entity is embargoed. During this period, the entity should not be published or, in the case of a press release, should not be reported on. For open-access journal articles, the embargo duration specifies that period of time during which availability of the open-access version of the article is delayed by the publisher, following subscription-access availability of the published work. The end of the embargo period can be specified by fabio:hasEmbargoDate.

has handle
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
range: string
comment: A persistent identifier of the Handel system for digital objects and other resources on the Internet.

has ISSN-L
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
comment: A linking International Standard Serial Number.

has National Library of Medicine journal title abbreviation
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
sub property of: has short title
comment: An internal identifier for the abbreviation of the title of journals available from the National Library of Medicine repository.

has National Library of Medicine journal identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
type: FunctionalProperty
range: Datatype
  on datatype: string
  with restrictions:
    pattern: [0-9]+
comment: An internal identifier for journals available from the National Library of Medicine repository.

has PII
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
comment: Has Publisher Item Identifier

has page count
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
range: positiveInteger
comment: The count of the number of pages in a textual resource.

has patent number
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
comment: A unique identifing number issued by a patent authority to identify a patent, displayed at the beginning of the patent document.

has PubMed Central identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
type: FunctionalProperty
range: string
comment: An identifier for bibliographic entities hosted by the PubMed Central repository.

has PubMed identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
type: FunctionalProperty
range: string
comment: An identifier for bibliographic records held by the PubMed repository.

has publication year
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has issue date
type: FunctionalProperty
range: gYear
comment: The year in which a resource is published.

has request date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
comment: The date on which an agent is requested to do something, for example a reviewer is requested to write a review of a paper submitted to a journal for publication, or an author is requested to supply a revised version of the paper in response to the reviews received.

has retraction date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
type: FunctionalProperty
range: dateTime
comment: The date on which something, for example a claim or a journal article, is retracted.

has SICI
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
type: FunctionalProperty
range: string
comment: The Serial Item and Contribution Identifier is a code used to uniquely identify specific volumes, articles or other identifiable parts of a periodical. It is intended primarily for use by those members of the bibliographic community involved in the use or management of serial titles and their contributions.
label: has Serial Item and Contribution Identifier

has season
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
comment: Permits specification of the season of the year, for example spring, summer, autumn and winter in British English.

has number
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
comment: A literal (for example a number or a letter) that identifies the sequence position of a work within a particular context, for example a book in a book series, a chapter in a document, a volume in a journal.

has short title
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has title
range: string
comment: A short version of the title of an entity, typically used to label or refer to a particular entity in an abbreviated form, for example an abbreviated journal title in a reference, or a short title of a document used as the running title in a page header.

has standard number
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
comment: The number defining an international standard, for example Z39.96 - 201x, identifying NISO JATS, the Journal Article Tag Suite.

has subtitle
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has title
range: string
comment: A secondary title that follows the main title of a work.

has translated subtitle
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has title
comment: A version of the subtitle of an entity translated into another language, which may be specified using the object property dcterms:language.

has translated title
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has title
comment: A version of the title of an entity translated into another language, which may be specified using the object property dcterms:language.

has URL
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
range: anyURI
comment: An identifier, in form of an HTTP Universal Resource Locator (URL), for a particular resource on the World Wide Web.

has volume count
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
range: nonNegativeInteger
comment: The count of the number of volumes a work includes.

uses calendar
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
comment: A property that identifies the calendar system used to specify a date, for example the Chinese, Gregorian, Hebrew, Islamic or Lunar calendar.

methods paper
type: Class
subclass of: scholarly work
comment: A scholarly work detailing a method, procedure or experimental protocol employed in a particular scholarly domain.

research paper
type: Class
subclass of: scholarly work
comment: A scholarly work that reports original research contributions addressing theoretical, analytical or experimental aspects of a particular scholarly domain. E.g. see http://iswc2018.semanticweb.org/call-for-research-track-papers/.

resource paper
type: Class
subclass of: scholarly work
comment: A scholarly work that describes resources developed to provide experimental materials or facilities, support a research hypothesis, to provide answers to a research question, or that have contributed to the generation of novel scientific work. Examples of such resources include, for experimental sciences, mouse mutant lines and large communally used X-ray or neutron sources, and, for computer sciences, datasets, ontologies, vocabularies, ontology design patterns, evaluation benchmarks or methods, services, APIs and software frameworks, workflows, crowdsourcing task designs, protocols and metrics. E.g. see http://iswc2018.semanticweb.org/call-for-resources-track-papers/

review paper
type: Class
subclass of: scholarly work
comment: A scholarly work that surveys the state of the art of topics central to a particular subject or relating to a specific domain (e.g. the scope of a certain journal or conference). Papers of this kind may contain a selective bibliography listing key papers related to the subject or providing advice on information sources, or they may strive to be comprehensive, covering all contributions to the development of a topic and exploring their different findings or views. E.g. see [http://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/products/journals/author\_guidelines.htm?id=JD

scholarly work
type: Class
subclass of: work
comment: A work that reports scholarly activity on a particular topic, either published in written form, or delivered orally at a meeting.

work
type: Class
description: A fabio:Work can only have part or be part of another fabio:Work. Moreover, it can be realized only by fabio:Expression(s).
comment: A subclass of FRBR work, restricted to works that are published or potentially publishable, and that contain or are referred to by bibliographic references, or entities used to define bibliographic references. FaBiO works, and their expressions and manifestations, are primarily textual publications such as books, magazines, newspapers and journals, and items of their content. However, they also include datasets, computer algorithms, experimental protocols, formal specifications and vocabularies, legal records, governmental papers, technical and commercial reports and similar publications, and also bibliographies, reference lists, library catalogues and similar collections. For this reason, fabio:Work is not an equivalent class to frbr:ScholarlyWork. An example of a fabio:Work is your latest research paper.

analog magnetic tape
type: NamedIndividual
comment: An analog medium for magnetic recording of audio and video information, made of a thin magnetizable coating on a long, narrow plastic tape, typically wound on a spool.

CD
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A non-rewritable optical disc used to store digital data.
label: compact disk

cloud
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A distributed and commoditized Internet-based computing resource, whereby shared services, software programs, and information storage facilities are provided to computers and other devices on demand, at locations of which the user may be unaware, like the electricity grid.

digital magnetic tape
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A rewritable digital medium for magnetic recording of audio, video and other data, made of a thin magnetizable coating on a long, narrow strip of plastic, usually wound on a spool.

DVD
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A non-rewritable optical disc storage medium resembling a compact disc (CD), usually used for video and data storage. A DVD has the same physical dimensions as a CD, but is capable of storing more than six times as much data.
label: digital versatile disc
label: digital video disc

film
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A thin flexible strip of plastic or other material coated with light-sensitive emulsion upon which images can be recorded, typically using a camera, usually used to record photographic images or motion pictures.

floppy disk
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A rewritable data storage medium that is composed of a disk of thin, flexible (floppy) magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell. Data are encoded magnetically by a read/write head that float on a cushion of air in close proximity to the surface of the rotated disk.

HD
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A non-volatile storage device for digital data, composed of one or more rigid discs (platters) mounted side by side on a motor-driven spindle within a metal case. Data are encoded magnetically by read/write heads that float on cushions of air in close proximity to the surfaces of the rotated platters.
label: hard drive

internet
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. The internet connects millions of private, public, academic, business and governmental computers, that are individually attached to local networks linked together by a broad array of electronic, radio and optical networking technologies to form the internet.

intranet
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A private computer network, unconnected to the internet or separated from it by a firewall, that uses a network operating system and Internet Protocol technologies to permit an organization's information to be shared securely within that organization.

paper
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A thin flat material, typically made from wood pulp, mainly used for writing upon, for printing upon or for packaging.

RAM
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Abbreviation of Random Access Memory. A form of rewritable computer data storage that takes the form of integrated circuits that allow data to be stored and accessed in any order (i.e. at random), thereby achieving greater speed than for access of data stored in linear form on digital magnetic tape.
label: random access memory

solid state memory
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A digital storage device built entirely from solid electronic materials with no moving parts, e.g. a USB flash drive.

vinyl disk
type: NamedIndividual
comment: An analog sound storage medium consisting of a flat disc made of moulded vinyl plastic with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove.

WWW
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A system of interlinked hypertext documents written in HTML and accessed using the HTTP protocol via the Internet.
label: Web
label: World Wide Web

SupplementaryInformationFile
comment: A file accompanying a published journal article, containing additional information of relevance to the article, typically available from the publisher's web site via a hyperlink from the journal article itself.