self citation A citation in which the citing and the cited entities have something significant in common with one another, over and beyond their subject matter, for example authors, journal, institutional affiliation, or funding agency. The activity of modifying (adding/removing) data associated with an existing entity. modify data file A realisation of a fabio:Dataset (a frbr:Work) containing a defined collection of data with specific content and possibly with a specific version number, that can be embodied as a fabio:Digital Manifestation (a frbr:Manifestation with a specific format) and be represented by a specific fabio:ComputerFile (a frbr:Item) on someone's hard drive. In the OpenCitations Corpus, a provenance agent, such as a person, organisation or process, is responsible to create or modifie entities metadata, it is used as source provider of those metadata. provenance agent The role a person has of authorship of some material (for example a document). author OCO, the OpenCitations Ontology, is not yet another bibliographic ontology, rather it is just a place where existing and complementary ontological entities from several other ontologies are grouped together for the purpose of providing descriptive metadata for the [OpenCitations Corpus (OCC)](http://opencitations.net). oco This work is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). https://w3id.org/oc/ontology/ OCO, the OpenCitations Ontology, is not yet another bibliographic ontology, rather it is just a place where existing and complementary ontological entities from several other ontologies are grouped together for the purpose of providing descriptive metadata for the [OpenCitations Corpus (OCC)](http://opencitations.net). * bibliographic resources (br), class fabio:Expression and its subclasses – resources that either cites or are cited by other bibliographic resources (e.g. journal articles), or that contain such citing/cited resources (e.g. journals); * resource embodiments (re), class fabio:Manifestation and its subclasses – details of the physical or digital forms in which the bibliographic resources are made available by their publishers; * bibliographic entries (be), class biro:BibliographicReference – the literal textual bibliographic entries occurring in the reference lists within bibliographic resources, that reference other bibliographic resources; * responsible agents (ra), class foaf:Agent – names of agents having certain roles with respect to bibliographic resources (i.e. names of authors, editors, publishers, etc.); agent roles (ar), class pro:RoleInTime – roles held by agents with respect to bibliographic resources (e.g. author, editor, publisher); * identifiers (id), class datacite:Identifier – external identifiers (e.g. DOI, ORCID, PubMedID) associated with the bibliographic entities; * citations (ci), class cito:Citation - conceptual directional links from a citing entity to a cited entity, created by a human performative act of making a citation. 1.2 Silvio Peroni 2016-09-23 OCO, the OpenCitations Ontology author network self citation A citation in which at least one author of the citing entity has direct or indirect co-authorship links with one of the authors of the cited entity. An analog manifestation in physical printed form, typically on paper. print object This property references a provenance agent which influenced a resource. involves agent A set of books having certain characteristics in common that informally allow their identification together as a group - for instance, the books of the Harry Potter saga. book set A document containing the programme and collected papers, or their abstracts, presented at an academic meeting. academic proceedings In the OpenCitations Corpus, this class is used to represent any detail of the physical or digital forms in which the bibliographic resources are made available by their publishers. manifestation journal issue A particular published issue of a journal, one or more of which will constitute a volume of the journal. has cited entity A property that relates a citation to the cited entity. A role an agent may have. Individual members of this class or its sub-classes are used to specify particular roles. role bibliographic reference An expression of a bibliographic record in a specific format, that references a particular textual or data publication (or a work in preparation for publication). Each bibliographic reference is a list of items containing entities that describe aspects of the referenced work - for example authors, title, journal, publication year - selected from the bibliographic record. Note that because different journal styles may require omission of elements of the bibliographic record in references included in a paper's reference list (e.g. the title, the identifier, the names of the eighth and subsequent authors), and because errors can be introduced when an author creates a bibliographic reference, the bibliographic reference to a published work may not be a complete or fully accurate expression of the information contained within the authoritative bibliographic record for that work. International Standard Book Number. isbn book chapter A defined chapter of a book, usually with a separate title or number. A book authored by a student containing a formal presentations of research outputs submitted for examination in completion of a course of study at an institution of higher education, to fulfil the requirements for an academic degree. Also know as a dissertation. [For the alternative meaning of the word 'thesis', namely the formulation of a concept, hypothesis, idea, point of view or theory presented for review and/or discussion, use fabio:Proposition.] thesis has name The name of an agent. In the OpenCitations Corpus, this class is used to describe a curatorial activity relating to an entity. activity agent An agent (eg. person, group, software or physical artifact). International Standard Serial Number. issn funder self citation A citation in which the works reported in the citing and the cited entities were funded by the same funding agency. was derived from This property allows the specification of a derivation from another entity, where a derivation is a transformation of an entity into another, an update of an entity resulting in a new one, or the construction of a new entity based on a pre-existing entity. This property allows one to specify the creation of an existing entity by an activity. was generated by The family name of a person. has family name A manifestation that represents data in binary form, encoding the data as a series of 0s and 1s. digital manifestation A paper, typically the realization of a research paper reporting original research findings, usually published within an academic proceedings volume. proceedings paper A textual description of a resource. has description Identifies the first page of an entity such as a journal article. has starting page has publication date The date on which a resource is published or disclosed. The date on which the citation was created. This has the same numerical value as the publication date of the citing bibliographic resource, but is a property of the citation itself. When combined with the citation time span, it permits that citation to be located in history. has citation creation date A role in time describes always: * a particular role R * a particular agent A holding R * a particular time interval T in which A holds R (optional) * one or more entities (e.g. a particular bibliographic entity or a specific institution) that defines a context for R held by A. (At least one contextual entity should be specified for a particular role). A particular situation that describe a role an agent may have, that can be restricted to a particular time interval. role in time has next This property allows to specify the following role in a sequence of agents' roles of the same type associated with the same bibliographic resource (so as to define, for instance, its ordered list of authors). The relation between a bibliographic reference and the publication being referenced. references A sequence of books having certain characteristics in common that are formally identified together as a group - for instance, the books in the Law, Governance and Technology Series published by Springer. book series Identifies the last page of an entity such as a journal article. has ending page has co-authorship citation level This property specifies the minimal distance that one of the authors of the citing entity has with regards to one of the authors of the cited entity, according to their co-authorship network. A citation is a conceptual directional link from a citing entity to a cited entity, created by a human performative act of making a citation, typically instantiated by the inclusion of a bibliographic reference (biro:BibliographicReference) in the reference list of the citing entity, or by the inclusion within the citing entity of a link, in the form of an HTTP Uniform Resource Locator (URL), to a resource on the World Wide Web. citation An object property permitting specification of the identifier scheme used to provide the identifier for an entity – either a funder, a person or a resource – defined as an individual of the class datacite:IdentifierScheme. uses identifier scheme The given name of a person. has given name oci Open Citation Identifier. It is used to specify the textual content of a bibliographic reference. has content The activity of replacing one entity with another. replace has subtitle A secondary title that follows the main title of a work. A citation in which at least one author from each of the citing and the cited entities is affiliated with the same academic institution. affiliation self citation In the OpenCitations Corpus, an entity represents a particular snapshot recording the metadata associated with another individual entity at a particular time. entity An article, typically the realization of a research paper reporting original research findings, published in a journal issue. journal article The temporal characteristic of a citation, namely the interval between the publication date of the cited entity and the publication date of the citing entity. Note that when one or both of the publication dates is given as just 'year', then the citation time span is rounded to the nearest year, and when one or both of the publication dates is given as just 'year and month', then the citation time span is rounded to the nearest month, with the inherent inaccuracies that such rounding involves. has citation time span An activity association is an assignment of responsibility to an agent for an activity, indicating that the agent had a role in the activity. has qualified association had primary source This property allows the specification of a primary source for a resource, i.e. something produced by some agent with direct experience and knowledge about such resource. expression collection A collection of expressions, for example a periodical or a book series. The identifier scheme used to identify an entity such as a funding agency, a person or a resource. Individual schemes are defines as members of this class. identifier scheme A property relating a document to the role for which that document provides the context (e.g. relating a document to the role of author or peer-reviewer of that document). is document context for In the OpenCitations Corpus, an association allows one to link a particular role held by a provenance agent with respect to a curatorial activity. association has number A literal (for example a number or a letter) that identifies the sequence position of a work within a particular context, for example a book in a book series, a chapter in a document, a volume in a journal. has title A name given to a resource. Typically, the title will be the name by which the resource is formally known. is specialization of This property allows one to indicate that an entity that is a specialization of another shares all aspects of the latter, and additionally presents more specific aspects of the same thing as the latter. The realization of a specification (a standard, a workflow, etc.). specification document An object property specifying a datacite:Identifier that provides a unique identifer for the entity (either a funder, a person or a resource). has identifier This property allows one to ascribe an entity to an agent. was attributed to url Uniform Resource Locator. pmid PubMed Identifier. reference book A book containing authoritative factual information, such as a dictionary, encyclopaedia, handbook or field guide, which is a realisation of a certain reference work and may contain several reference entries. has literal value It is used to specify the literal value that an identifier has. Digital Object Identier. doi A citation in which the citing and the cited entities have nothing significant in common with one another (for example authors, journal, institutional affiliation, or funding agency) over and beyond their subject matter. distant citation was invalidated at time The date on which a particular entity was invalidated. journal volume A particular published volume of a journal, comprising one or more journal issues. A manifestation exemplified in an item. has exemplar The citing entity cites the cited entity, either directly and explicitly (as in the reference list of a journal article), indirectly (e.g. by citing a more recent paper by the same group on the same topic), or implicitly (e.g. as in artistic quotations or parodies, or in cases of plagiarism). cites An object property connecting an agent's role in time to a definition of the type of role held by this agent, specified as an instance of the class pro:Role or of one of its sub-classes. with role author self citation A citation in which the citing and the cited entities have at least one author in common. orcid Open Researcher and Contributor Identifier. The realization of a report, usually in printed form. report document An expression (e.g. a article) which is incorporated in another expression (e.g. a journal issue). is part of pmcid PubMed Central Identifier. In the OpenCitations Corpus, this class is used to represent any bibliographic resource, i.e. citing papers, cited resources, and containers (e.g. journals, books, proceedings) for those resources. expression This property allows one to associate a role as the function of an entity or agent with respect to an activity. had role A property that relates a citation to the citing entity. has citing entity The activity of creating a new entity. create publisher The role of a person or an organization that published material, or of a publisher's employee who has responsibility for such publications. This property allows one to specify the UPDATE SPARQL query that keeps track of which metadata have been modified as the result of a modification of some of the metadata or the merging of the metadata relating to a particular bibliographic entity. has update query book A non-serial document that is complete in one volume or a designated finite number of volumes. A book published by a publisher is usually identified by an International Standard Book Number (ISBN), and may be manifested as a physical printed publication on paper bound in a hard or soft cover, or in electronic format as an 'e-book'. has embodiment An expression embodied in a manifestation. journal self citation A citation in which the citing and the cited entities are published in the same journal. A sequence of expressions having certain characteristics in common that are formally identified together as a group. series was invalidated by This property allows one to specify the invalidation (i.e. the start of the destruction, cessation, or expiry) of an existing entity by an activity. A scholarly periodical primarily devoted to the publication of original research papers. [Printed and electronic manifestations of the same journal are usually identified by separate print and electronic International Standard Serial Numbers (ISSN or eISSN, respectively), that identifies the journal as a whole, not to individual issues of it.] journal An identifier that uniquely identities an entity – such as a funding agency, a person and a resource – belonging to a particular scheme such as those specified by individuals of the class datacite:IdentifierScheme. identifier has part A part of an expression. A property relating a role in time that an agent holds, or a contribution situation that an agent makes, to that agent. is role held by The role of a person who selects and prepares for publication material written and submitted by authors. editor journal cartel citation A citation from one journal to another journal which forms one of a very large number of citations from the citing journal to recent articles in the cited journal, possibly undertaken as part of a citation cartel for the purpose of gaming the impact factor of the cited journal. has edition An identifier for one of several alternative issues of a magazine, a book or other resource. The date on which a particular entity was created. was generated at time